The Settlement of New England

1
The Settlement of New England
Susan Pojer / Pamela K. Montague
2
Protestant Reformation

• Produces Puritanism
• Martin Luther Bible alone is source of Gods
  word
• John Calvin / Calvinism
• Dominant theology in ALL colonies
• Humans weak wicked due to original sin
• Predestination on eternal salvation
• Good works CANNOT save the damned, but
• Have to look for signs of conversion- VISIBLE
  SAINTS
• Anglicans didnt advocate ARMINIANISM its
  heresy- but suggested good works might get favor
  with God
• Fear of James I
• Married to a Catholic
• No advances under him for Protestantism except
  King James version of Bible

3
Pilgrims?
How are Pilgrims the purest Puritans?
vs.
Puritans?
Whats the difference?
4
The Pilgrims

• Separatists who thought only
• visible saints should get church membership
• 1608 migrated to Holland (Netherlands) but
• Form joint-stock company migrate to America in
  1620
• 100 people/35 are Pilgrims - on Mayflower 66
  days
• Headed to Northern Virginia but .
• Landed north of their destination at Cape Cod Bay
  and stayed

5
The Mayflower CompactNovember 11, 1620

• WHY did the Pilgrims draw it up?
• Entered into because Pilgrims were outside
  control of Virginia Co.
• Early example that society should be based on
  rules set by its own members
• TOWN MEETINGS
• a defining characteristic of New England
• Based on majority rule
• Select Governor

6
William Bradford
Elected 30 times!

• Of Plymouth
• Plantation
• 1st 30 years of colony
• Will merge with MA Bay colony (Puritans) in 1691
  becomes MA

7
Tisquantuma/k/aSQUANTO

• Knew English had traveled to England but tried
  to return (with John Smith) in 1614
• Kidnapped by another Englishman attempting to
  sell him into slavery in Spain rescued by monks
• Finally made his way back to England then
  America in 1619
• Helped Pilgrims survive after 1st hard winter
  (where over half died) by teaching them to
  cultivate maize

8
THE FIRST THANKSGIVING

• October, 1621
• National Holiday by 1942

9
Presidential Turkey Pardons
10
Puritan Migration

• 1629 Charles I dismissed Parliament allowed
  persecution of Puritans
• Approx. 70,000 Puritans left England during the
  Great Migration
• 1620-1650
• Most went to West Indies
• Small group settles in Salem, MA in 1629
• Boston founded, 1630
• 10,000 in MA by 1640

Great Migration, 1620-1650
11
Massachusetts Bay Colony

• Royal charter from MA Bay Company
• Approximately 1,000 to MA in 1630 - Boston
• Come in family units
• Create elected legislature General Court how
  is membership limited?
• Limited to male church members who are visible
  saints
• What do they see as the purpose of government?
• enforcing Gods law

12
John Winthrop
Governor of Massachusetts
We shall be as a city on a hill, the eyes of all
people are upon us. . .

• Social experiment to create a utopian community
• To be a beacon to humanity believed they have
  covenant w/God to build a holy society that
  would be a model for all mankind
• Puritans later known as the Congregational
  Church.

13
Puritan Rebels
Roger Williams Liberty of Conscience
Anne Hutchinson Antinomianism

• Why does he become unpopular with his Salem
  congregation?
• With landowners?
• Where does he go?
• Will found a Baptist church

• What is antinomianism?
• What ultimately happens to her?

14
Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire

• RHODE ISLAND SEWER of the colonies
• Individualistic / Independent
• Complete freedom of religion Catholics Jews
• No oaths, no church attendance, no taxes
• Universal manhood suffrage (later, require
  property)
• CONNECTICUT
• Founder is Rev. Thomas Hooker
• 1st written Constitution Fundamental Orders
• Many Boston Puritans
• NEW HAMPSHIRE/MAINE
• Settled for fishing, trading
• Maine gets absorbed by MA Bay Colony
• NH becomes royal colony by 1679

15
The Pequot Wars 1636-1637
The more English that arrive push inland, the
less peace there is with the Indians.
First war between natives Europeans in British
North America.
16
A Pequot VillageDestroyed, 1637
Colonists their Narragansett allies slaughter
the Pequots. Set fire to their wigwams then
shot them as they fled.
17
NEW ENGLAND CONFEDERATION

• Formed by Americans, 1643
• MA Bay, Plymouth Connecticut (Puritan Club)
• For defense.against
• Indians, French, Dutch
• Not getting much assistance from England civil
  war
• 1st milestone toward colonial unity!
• Broken up by Charles II in 1684
• Took charter away from MA Bay colony
• Colonial rivalries had role also

18
King Phillips War1675-1676

• METACOM (King Phillip) forms Indian alliance and
  launches vicious attacks on the colonies - 52
  Puritan towns attacked 12 entirely destroyed.

• New England Confederation effort
• His defeat in 1676 is a lasting defeat for New
  Englands Indians

Metacom What happened to him?
19
D0MINION OF NEW ENGLAND

• Imposed by London
• Joined NE NY NJ together
• Sir Edmund Andros openly
• pro-Anglican
• For control enforce the Navigation Laws
• Smuggling becomes reputable in colonies
• Andros taxed w/o consent no town meetings
  allowed
• Glorious Revolution (William Mary, 1688) brings
  end to it
• MA loses charter royal colony
• ALL male property owners now have suffrage, not
  just church members
• SALUTARY NEGLECT sets in!

20
Population of the New England Colonies
21
Characteristics of New England Settlements

• Puritan Work Ethic
• Diversified economy encouraged by climate..how?
• Low mortality ? average life expectancy was 70
  years of age.
• Lack of diversity - ENGLISH
• Emigrated in family units
• Many extended families.
• Average 6 children per family.
• Average age at marriage Women 22 years old
  Men 27 years old.

22
Population ComparisonsNew England v. the
Chesapeake
Why is life expectancy so high in New England?
23
Land Division inSudbury, MA 1639-1656
Tightly knit, planned communities Town
meetings! Direct Democracy

• Had meeting house for town meetings a village
  green surrounded by houses
• Land for firewood, pasture and crops was
  distributed to all the residents
• All people are close to town come to meetings

24
Patriarchy

• Authoritarian male father figures controlled each
  household.
• Patriarchal ministers judges
  controlled church congregations andhouseholds.
• Women cant inherit land limited to domestic
  sphere children to be seen, but not heard
  emulate adults.
• Families allowed to discipline each others
  children to make sure punishment was harsh
  enough.
• Blue Laws enforced.
• (things not allowedusually on Sun.)

25
EDUCATION

• Extremely important WHY?
• 1647 MA School Law
• Towns of over 50 were required to provide public
  education 1st public schools!
• 1636, Harvard College established
• Its purpose?

26
Disruptions in New England Society

• Declining religious zeal
• Thriving economy a major cause
• Population dispersing away from town to outlying
  farms.outside control of church
• Led to Halfway Covenant, 1662
• Partial church membership, but no vote
• Children can be baptized
• No communion
• Salem Witchcraft Trials
• 1692 - - Causes?
• How did they end?
• Cotton Mather?

27
New England Colonies, 1650