The Settlement of New England

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The Settlement of New England
Ms. Susan M. Pojer Mr. Mark CarsonHorace Greeley
HS Chappaqua, NY Lake Norman High School
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Compare Contrast the Northern Southern
Colonies
Northern Colonies Southern Colonies
Common language Common language
Allegiance to England Allegiance to England
Patterns of settlement ??? Patterns of settlement ???
Political systems ??? Political systems ???
Values ??? Values ???
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Protestant Reformation Puritanism

• 1517- Martin Luther Thesis
• Bible alone is the source of Gods word
• People are saved by faith in Christ alone (not
  works)
• John Calvin- (Calvinism)-
• Predestination- only the elect go to heaven
  (predetermined by God)
• Original sin- all humans weak sinful

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Calvinism

• Calvinists sought conversion signs that they
  were the predestined.
• Lead sanctified lives- to reveal that they were
  members of the elect visible saints
• Protestant work ethic- famous working hard sun
  up to sun down.

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The Pilgrims Emerge

• 1530-s King Henry VIII broke ties with Catholic
  Church Church of England (Anglican Church)
  official church.
• Puritans- people who wanted to purify the Church
  of England.
• Pilgrims- Separatist Puritans who want to break
  away from Church of England completely.
• King James I pushed Separatists out of England
  ---to the Netherlands!

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Pilgrims at Plymouth

• Pilgrims left Holland
• Received a Charter from Va. Co
• 1620- 102 people arrived off coast of New England
• Became squatters
• only half were Separatists
• Mayflower Compact- not a constitution an
  agreement to abide by laws government.
• Town Meetings- adult male settlers met to discuss
  vote (direct democracy)

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The Mayflower
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The Mayflower CompactNovember 11, 1620
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New England Colonies, 1650
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Plymouth Colony The First Thanksgiving, the
Economy, and Leadership

• 1620-1621- 44 of 102 survived
• No one left in the Spring
• 1621- good harvests First Thanksgiving with
  Wampanoag Chief Massasoit.
• Economy
• Fur, fish, lumber
• Leadership
• William Bradford- chosen 30 times as Governor
  well educated.
• Feared influence of settlers in Massachusetts
  Bay- non-Puritans
• Plymouth Colony population was 7,000 by 1691
  merged with Massachusetts Bay.

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William Bradford
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The Massachusetts Bay Colony

• 1629- Non-Separatists received a charter from
  Massachusetts Bay Company
• 1630- set out with 11 ships, 1000 passengers
• Part of the Great English Migration 1630-1642
• John Winthrop
• (1st Governor)
• called by God
• City Upon a Hill
• Fur trading, fishing
• shipbuilding

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Sources of Puritan Migration

• 1630-1642
• The Great English
• Migration
• 70,000 left England (1630-1642)
• West Indies
• (48,000)
• North
• America (20,000)

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John Winthrop
We shall be as a city on a hill..
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Building the Bay Colony

• Right to vote given to all freemen (adult male
  members of Congregational Church-Puritan Church).
• Freemen elected Governor, assistants, and the
  General Court (representative assembly)
• Only visible saints were freemengovt meant
  to enforce Gods Laws (enforced on all).
• 2/5 of adult men could vote-more democratic than
  in England!
• Town Government- all men property holders
  others could discuss issues vote.
• Winthrop distrusted democracy

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The Church in the Bay Colony

• Church leaders controlled church
  membershipinterpreted the conversion
  experience
• Rev.John Cotton- defender of governments right
  to enforce religious rules.
• Limits on Clergy
• Congregation hired fired preachers
• Members set salary for ministers
• Clergy could not hold political office
• Separation of church/state???

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Rhode Island

• Quakers persecuted were Massachusetts
• Anne Hutchinson
• Outspoken woman
• Held Bible study in her home (women men
  attended
• Interpreted Biblical teachings- antinomianism
  (the predestined need not follow man nor Gods
  law)
• Criticized church state connection
• 1638- put on trial banished went to Rhode
  Island.

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Rogues Island

• Salem minster- Roger Williams
• extreme Separatist- encouraged clergy to break
  completely with Anglican Church
• Challenged Bay Colony charter (took land from
  Indians without paying fairly)
• denied the right of the government to pass
  rules regarding religious behavior
• 1635- put on trial-- banished to England
• Indians helped him escape to Rhode Island
• set up 1st Baptist Church
• Total freedom of religion to all
• no compulsory church attendance, no oaths about
  religious beliefs, no tax supported church

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Rhode Island

• 1636- started with no legal charter (squatters)
• 1644- obtains charter from Parliament
• Simple manhood suffrage-at start (later only for
  property owners)
• Unwelcome people from other colonies (Bay Colony)
  wound up in R.I.

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Puritan Rebels
Roger Williams
Anne Hutchinson
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Connecticut

• 1635-Hartford, Connecticut founded Rev. Thomas
  Hooker
• 1638- New Haven est.- Puritans who wanted closer
  tie between church state
• 1639- Fundamental Orders modern constitution
  substantial citizens democratically controlled
• 1623- Maine absorbed into Mass.
• 1641- NH absorbed into Mass.
• 1662- New Haven forced to merge with more
  democratic settlements in Conn
• 1679- NH royal colony

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Colonizing New England
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Population of the New England Colonies
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Puritans Indians

• 1620- Disease killed ¾ of coastal tribes
• Wampanoag Indians befriended settlers (Squanto)
• 1621-Chief Massasoit signed a peace treaty with
  Plymouth Pilgrims 1st Thanksgiving
• The Pequot War (1637)- English Indian allies
  attacked Pequot villages 40 years of uneasy
  peace followed.
• Puritan praying towns small attempt to convert
  teach white ways to the Indians.
• (1675-1676)- King Phillips War (Metacom)
• 1676- Metacom was killed, wife kids sold as
  slaves
• led to the defeat of New Englands Indians

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The Pequot Wars 1636-1637
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A Pequot VillageDestroyed, 1637
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The New England Confederation

• 1640s England was embroiled in civil wars
  (Salutary Neglect)
• 1643- 4 colonies (Mass. Bay, Plymouth, New Haven
  Conn. Valley settlements) banded together for
  defense.
• Almost all Puritan
• 1st attempt at colonial unity
• Colonies semiautonomous
• Mass. Was most defiant- royal orders had no more
  effect than old issues of the London Gazette
• 1662- King Charles II- gave sea-to-sea charter to
  Connecticut charter to RI.
• 1684-Revoked Mass. charter

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Land Division inSudbury, MA 1639-1656
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The Navigation Acts 1650
Was it reasonable for England to pass laws such
as these to control Colonial trade? It was
difficult for Great Britain to enforce these laws
because of the distance. Colonists broke the law
and smuggled and traded with other countries.
No country could trade with the colonies unless
the goods were shipped in either colonial or
English ships.
All vessels had to be operated by crews that were
at least three-quarters English or colonial
The colonies could export certain products only
to England
Almost all goods traded between the colonies and
Europe first had to pass through an English port.
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Dominion of New England

• 1686- by royal authority (imposed upon the
  people)
• Included all of New England- later NY,NJ
• Meant to bolster colonial defense enforce
  Navigation laws
• Colonists began to increase smuggling
• Sir Edmund Andros- named head of the dominion
  (military guy)-Boston
• Tensions build
• Andros affiliated with Church of England
• Andros had disruptive soldiers
• Curbed town meetings, freedom of press,
  schools, revoked land titles, ended assemblies,
  taxed without citizen consent
• 1688-1689- Andros fled Boston (Glorious
  Revolution in England)
• 1691 Mass made a royal colony (vote given to all
  male property owners- not just church members)
• Period of Salutary neglect- followed weak
  enforcement of Navigation Laws trade

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The Middle Colonies

• New Netherland
• Late 17th century (Netherlands) became
  independent from Spain (helped by England)
• Emerged as a commercial naval power to
  challenge England
• Dutch East India Co.- had an army of 10,000 men
  fleet of 190 ships.
• Hired Henry Hudson
• 1609 sailed into Delaware New York Bay (sought
  route to Pacific)
• Dutch West India Co.- operated in the Caribbean
  more interested in trading than raiding (raided
  Spanish ships)
• Est. outposts in Africa sugar industry in
  Brazil

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New Netherlands

• 1623-1624- New Netherlands founded
• Est. by Dutch West India Co. for its fur trade
• Bought Manhattan for trinkets (pennies per acre)
• New Amsterdam (later called NY)
• Investors had no interest in religion, free
  speech or democracy
• Critics of Dutch Reformed Church persecuted
  (Quakers were abused)
• Run by Directors-General for the company
• Local citizens created a limited law making body

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New Amsterdam
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New York Harbor, 1639
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Life in New Netherland

• Aristocratic by nature with vast feudal estates
  (patroonships)
• Cosmopolitan population a French Jesuit noted 18
  different languages.
• Problems
• Director-Generals incompetent
• Shareholders demanded profit at colonys expense
• Horrible massacres by Native Americans (Wall
  Street)
• New England hostile to New Netherland (New
  England Confederation considered attacking)

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Settling the Middle or Restoration Colonies
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Friction between England Swedish Neighbors

• 1638-1655 Sweden trespassed on Dutch land set
  up New Sweden (place names log cabins)
• 1655- Dutch sent military led by Peter
  Stuyvesant.
• New Sweden fell to the Dutch became part of New
  Netherland

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Peter Stuyvesant
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New Netherlands becomes New York

• 1664 King Charles II granted the area to the Duke
  of York sent English ships
• Peter Stuyvesant the Dutch surrendered
• New Amsterdam renamed NY
• Aristocratic Spirit Remains
• Corrupt English governors gave land to their
  favorites
• Held power over colonial NY
• stunted immigration to NY
• Legacy of the Dutch-place names Easter eggs,
  Santa Clause, skating

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Pennsylvania

• Quakers (Religious Society of Friends) formed in
  England in mid-1600s
• Quaked with religious emotion
• Offensive to civil religious rule (refused to
  support Church of England with taxes no paid
  clergy)
• Pacifists- disliked violence used passive
  resistance instead) opposed slavery
• Persecuted in England
• William Penn (converted to Quaker faith in 1660)
• 1681- Penn acquired a royal grant of land
• Called Penns Woods (Pennsylvania)
• Best advertised of all the colonies
• Liberal land policies large number of immigrants

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William Penn
The Holy Experiment
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Royal Land Grant to Penn
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Pennsylvania Its Neighbors

• Philadelphia (brotherly love) more carefully
  planned than other colonial cities (wide streets)
• Penn the Indians
• Good relations (fair treatment)
• Bought land from Chief Tammany
• Tensions increased as more non-Quaker Europeans
  moved to Pennsylvania.

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Penn Native Americans
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Penns Treaty with theNative Americans
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Rights in Pennsylvania

• Representative assembly chosen by landowners
• No tax supported church
• Freedom of worship guaranteed to all
• Jews Catholics denied right to vote or hold
  office
• Death penalty only used for treason murder
• No limits on immigration or citizenship
• 1st two years Philadelphia had 300 houses 2,500
  people
• 1700- 3rd most wealthy populated colony (change
  over time)

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Urban Population Growth1650 - 1775
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New Jersey

• 1664- Two noble proprietors received the area
  from Duke of York
• Populated by many New Englanders
• 1674-West New Jersey- sold to Quakers
• East New Jersey obtained also by Quakers
• 1702- English king combined two New Jerseys into
  a royal colony
• Delaware
• Named after Lord De La Warr
• 1703- gained its own assembly
• Under authority of Governor of Penn. Until after
  the American Revolution

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The Middle Colonies

• New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania
• the bread colonies
• Two of the greatest port cities NY
  Philadelphia
• Fertile soil good for grain
• Susquehanna River- good for fur trade, lumber
  trade, shipping
• More ethnically mixed than other colonies
• Economic social democracy allowed
• Quakers contribution to human freedom

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Benjamin Franklin

• Born in Boston went to Philadelphia at 17 (1720)
• The English
• 1600s England had a population boom
• 75 of English immigrants were indentured
  servants
• 40 of indentured died before their service was
  over
• Late 17th century- southern colonies turned more
  to black slavery than indentured servitude (see
  Bacons Rebellion)
• 1629-1642- 11,000 Puritans moved to Mass. Bay
• Puritans migrated in family groups