Industrial Revolution

1
Chapter 23

• Industrial Revolution
• American Revolution
• French Revolution

2
The Industrial Revolution

• Begins in Britain in the 1600s-1700s
• Land
• Labor
• Capital
• Spreads to Belgium, the United States, Germany,
  France
• Begins in the textile industry
• Spinning Jenny, spinning mule, power loom, etc.

3
The Industrial Revolution

• Changed the way work was done
• Work left the home moved to factories
• Factory work difficult
• Long hours (13-15 hrs/day, 6 days/week)
• Dangerous (no regulations, no job guarantees)
• Child Labor (smaller, can pay less)
• Environmental problems (pollution of rivers, air)
• Does eventually increase the standard of living

4
The Industrial Revolution

• Railroads
• Railroads invented because of the steam engine
  (developed for water travel).
• Easier, cheaper, faster to transport people and
  goods
• Refrigerated railroad cars lead to fresh fruit,
  vegetables, and meat to be transported across the
  country
• U.S. Transcontinental railroad finished in May
  1869.

5
The Industrial Revolution

• Other inventors
• Alexander Graham Bell telephone
• Eli Whitney Cotton Gin
• James Watt steam engine
• Thomas Edison light bulb
• Ben Franklin - electricity

6
The American Revolution

• Colonists from Britain, France, Holland mostly
  settle Eastern U.S.
• Conflicts between Britain and France over
  territory lead to Seven Years War (1756-1763)
  (French and Indian War).
• Britain wins gains all land between Mississippi
  River and Appalachian Mts.

7
The American Revolution

• Colonists believe they have a right to land
  because they helped win it.
• Conflicts with Native Americans cause Britain to
  forbid settlement of new area.
• In addition, Britain begins to tax settlers to
  help pay for the war.
• Stamp Act
• Tea Act

8
The American Revolution

• Inspired by Enlightenment ideas, colonists begin
  to protest unjust laws.
• Boston Massacre - 1770
• Boston Tea Party - 1773
• First Continental Congress 1774
• Many divided on how to deal with Britain
  intense loyalty to crown vs. revolutionaries

9
The American Revolution

• Lexington and Concord
• April 19, 1775 Britain decided to seize
  stockpiles of weapons in Concord, Massachusetts.
• Confronted by Minutemen at Lexington
• Colonists win first battles of the revolution
• Second Continental Congress
• Colonists decide to raise an army appoint
  General George Washington as head

10
The American Revolution

• Declaration of Independence
• The U.S. formally declares independence in July
  1776
• Written by Thomas Jefferson inspired by the
  Enlightenment.
• All people created equal
• Unalienable rights
• Governments derive powers from governed

11
The American Revolution

• War lasts from 1775-1781.
• Many battles most important
• Battle of Saratoga French decide to join
  Americans
• Battle of Yorktown General Cornwallis
  surrenders to General Washington.
• Americans begin to form new government.

12
The American Revolution

• First government Articles of Confederation
• Weak central strong states
• Many problems
• By 1787 everyone realizes the Articles needs
  revision
• Constitutional Convention summer of 1787
• Supposed to change Articles eventually created
  whole new government

13
The American Revolution

• The Constitution
• Inspired by Enlightenment philosophers
  Voltaire, Montesquieu, Locke
• Strong central government
• Two houses in Congress (Great Compromise)
• Senate, House of Representatives
• Three branches of government (Leg, Ex, Jud)
• Federal System
• Federal govt, State govt, Local govt
• Bill of Rights first 10 amendments to
  Constitution
• Can change government when it needs it
• Currently 27 amendments have been ratified

14
The French Revolution

• Old Regime
• System of estates used before the revolution
• Three estates
• First estate Clergy
• Second estate Nobles
• Third estate Everyone else
• Bourgeoisie Middle Class in Third Estate
• Bread crisis
• Price skyrockets
• Marie Antoinette
• Austrian Princess spends huge amount of money
  French hate her

15
The French Revolution

• King Louis XVI calls a meeting of the
  Estates-General hasnt met for 175 yrs.
• Each estate gets one vote 1st and 2nd estate
  always outvotes 3rd estate
• Tried to change voting system king denied it
• Third Estate votes to create the National
  Assembly
• Locked out of their meeting hall take the
  Tennis Court Oath.

16
The French Revolution

• King Louis orders Swiss guards into the city
  Parisians scared
• Storm the Bastille on July 14, 1789 for weapons
  kill several guards and release prisoners
• Rebellion spreads to the countryside peasants
  begin to burn nobles houses
• Great Fear

17
The French Revolution

• The National Assembly creates a new Constitution
• The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the
  Citizen
• Modeled after Enlightenment, Declaration of
  Independence
• Took over Church lands, clergy paid by the state
• Peasants did not like this

18
The French Revolution

• Louis XVI tried to escape to Austria failed
  increased his enemies
• National Assembly finalizes Constitution
  becomes Legislative Assembly
• Radicals, Moderates, Conservatives
• Emigres Nobles who flee France
• Sans-culottes Parisian shopkeepers who want
  greater voice in government.

19
The French Revolution

• Monarchs in other countries feared for their
  thrones
• French declare war on Austria when Austria
  proposes putting Louis back on the throne.
• Prussia joins war with Austria
• Austria and Prussia win at first Parisians
  imprison Louis and family in stone tower.
• Also begin to raid and kill royalist prisoners
• September massacres

20
The French Revolution

• After the massacres they declare a new
  government the National Convention
• Radical
• Jacobins created
• Abolished monarchy
• Executed Louis by guillotine

21
The French Revolution

• Maximilien Robespierre
• Radical leader
• Changed calendar
• Decks of cards changed
• Committee of Public Safety
• Reign of Terror
• Queen Marie Antoinette guillotined
• End of the Terror
• Robespierres Death
• The Directory Fourth government - moderate

22
Napoleon

• Napoleon born in Corsica
• Became hero by saving royalists during riot
  shrapnel
• Napoleon became leader of army drove out one
  chamber of legislature helped to create three
  consuls
• He became first consul and assumed dictatorial
  powers of France
• Coup detat

23
Napoleon

• Pretended to be elected plebiscite taken gave
  all power to Napoleon
• Tax collection, national bank, dismissed corrupt
  officials, created public schools, gave some
  power back to the Catholic Church,
• Napoleonic Code set of uniform laws
• Freedoms of speech and and press limited
• Womens rights limited
• Slavery restored in colonies

24
Napoleon

• Tried to regain power in Atlantic world
• Lost Haiti
• Decided to sell Louisiana to U.S. (15 million)
• Focused on Europe
• Eventually signed peace treaties with Austria,
  Prussia, and Russia
• Lost only to Britian Battle of Trafalgar

25
Napoleon

• Three costly mistakes
• Tried to hurt British trade
• Continental system hurt France and continent
  instead
• Invasion of Portugal
• Spain revolted
• Invasion of Russia
• Scorched Earth policy

26
Napoleon

• Weakness caused his enemies to attack
• He was defeated and exiled to the island of Elba
  (off Italy).
• Three months later tried to return
• Hundred Days
• Ruled for about 3 months
• Finally defeated at the Battle of Waterloo
• Exiled to St. Helena in South Atlantic

27
Congress of Vienna

• Congress held to stabilize Europe
• Three goals
• Surround France with strong countries
• Restore Balance of Power to Europe
• Restore monarchs to thrones
• Klemens von Metternich of Austria most important
• Concert of Europe
• System of alliances formed to prevent future wars
• Holy Alliance
• Austria, Russia, Prussia
• Nationalism