The Industrial Revolution

1
The Industrial Revolution

• Harris Modern World History

2
Why Did it Start in Britain?

• The Industrial Revolution began in England and
  took several years to spread to the rest of the
  world. There are 5 reasons why it started in
  England.
• The Agricultural revolution had taken place in
  the early 1700s. This increased food supply thus
  decreasing the price of food. Now people had
  extra money to spend on manufactured items
• With more food, the population increased. This
  meant more people were available to work in
  factories.
• Britain was already a wealthy country so people
  had the money to invest in new factories.
• Britain had the natural resources of coal and
  iron ore.
• Britain had many colonies which they could force
  to buy their manufactured items. This created a
  steady demand for goods.

3
The Textile Industry

• The textile (cloth) industry was the first to
  industrialize.
• Before the Industrial Revolution, cotton was
  processed into cloth through what was known as
  the putting out system. Raw cotton would be
  shipped in and individuals would come and pick up
  a load. These women would take it home and spin
  it into thread. Then they would return to the
  warehouse where another group of women would pick
  up the thread and take it home to weave into
  cloth.
• This was also known as a cottage industry.
• This process was very slow and done mainly in the
  women's spare time.

4
The Textile Industry

• The first invention in the textile industry was
  the flying shuttle. This invention fit on the
  traditional loom. This sped up weaving to the
  point that the weavers were going much faster
  than the spinners.
• The next invention was the spinning jenny (1764).
  This was a machine that could do the work of 16
  spinners at one time. Now the thread was being
  spun faster than the weavers could weave.
• These inventions were followed by the water loom,
  spinning mule, and improvements in the steam
  engines. John Cartwright invented the water loom
  in 1787. James Watt improved the steam engine in
  1782.

5
Coal and Iron

• Coal and Iron were the key natural resources in
  the industrial revolution.
• Iron was useful, but had its limits in the early
  stage of the revolution. This is because it was
  full of impurities and therefore was weak.
• In the 1780s, Henry Cort invented a process
  known as puddling. In this process coke (cooked
  coal) was burned at a high temperature. This
  resulted in most of the impurities being cooked
  off. This produced iron that was strong and could
  withstand high pressure from things like steam.

6
Railroads

• With the improvements made to the steam engine
  and iron, large amounts of power were now
  available to be used for things. This led to the
  development of the steam locomotive.
• The first steam locomotive was put to use in
  1804. It was used to carry iron ore and workers
  and went 5mph.
• In 1830, the first train used for public
  transportation opened in England. It ran from
  Liverpool to Manchester and went so fast it was
  called the Rocket. It had a top speed of 16 mph.
• By 1850, trains were able to go about 50 mph, and
  England had over 6000 miles of train tracks.
• Trains made transportation of goods and people
  much faster and cheaper. Thus becoming a key part
  of the industrial revolution.

7
The Revolution Spreads

• Britain had attempted to prevent the industrial
  revolution from spreading to other countries,
  because the had made so much money from it. To do
  this, they made it illegal for people to sell
  plans to foreigners or take/give plans to someone
  outside of the country.
• This worked for several years. However by the
  1800s most other countries began to see their
  first factories develop.
• In the United States, the population went from 5
  million in 1800, to 30 million in 1860. This was
  from the increased wealth produced though
  industrialization.
• Other European countries also saw similar
  population growth.

8
Changes in Society

• With the industrial revolution came many changes
  in society.
• As the population grew and moved from the
  countryside to the cities, several problems
  developed. Most of the cities experienced growth
  that outpaced the abilities of the city planners
  to keep up. This meant that homes and buildings
  were built without proper sewer and drainage
  access.
• Some cities grew so fast that construction of
  homes and apartments couldnt keep up. This meant
  that living space was very expensive. Both of
  these things contributed to severe overcrowding.
  This overcrowding was not only uncomfortable, but
  dangerous. Many diseases and illnesses were
  rampant in the city.

9
Changes in Society

• Pollution affected society greatly as well. Trash
  from homes and industrial waste from factories
  led to the overall decline in the health of the
  people.
• The industrial revolution also made time more
  important. As factories began to work 24 hours a
  day, divided into 8 hour shifts, people couldnt
  depend on the sun to know what time it was.
• The problems associated with industrialization
  led some intellectuals to call for changes.
  During this period we begin to see socialism
  develop as a way to equal the distribution of
  wealth and benefit the working class.

10
The Second Industrial Revolution

• The first industrial revolution gave us textiles,
  railroads, iron, and coal. The second industrial
  revolution was led by steel, chemicals,
  electricity, and petroleum.
• The second industrial revolution was built on the
  foundation of the first. Many of the theories and
  ideas about factories and machines led to new
  developments all over.
• This is when we begin to see a truly modern
  society take shape.
• The second industrial revolution saw significant
  contributions from all over the world.

11
New Inventions

• Thomas Edison Edison is one of the most
  prolific inventers in history, 1,093 in all. His
  most significant invention was the light bulb. He
  also invented the phonograph, motion pictures,
  and a machine to talk to the dead, among many
  others.

12
New Inventions

• Alexander Graham Bell Invented the telephone in
  February of 1876. Bell submitted his patent on
  the same day that Elisha Gray submitted a patent
  for a similar device. Gray was advised by his
  lawyer to drop his patent because Bell had
  submitted his first. Gray agreed and Bell was
  awarded the patent.

13
New Inventions

• Guglielmo Marconi Considered the father of the
  radio. He was the first person to send and
  receive radio waves over a significant distance.
  This was significant because it was the first
  time wireless information had been sent. He did
  this in 1895

14
New Inventions

• Serbian born Nikola Tesla, invented many of the
  most important things dealing with electricity.
  He developed the electric motor, the AC
  electrical grid, and wireless transmission of
  energy.

15
New Inventions
                                                
                                                  
                      

• Gottlieb Daimler The first person to invent a
  light, portable internal combustion engine. This
  was able to be placed on a frame and could power
  wheels.

16
Organizing the Working Classes

• As conditions in factories and mines only showed
  minor improvements, there was a growing push by
  the working class to win more rights.
• Unions This is a very basic level of worker
  organization. Each industry developed a different
  union, however they often joined with each other
  to become more powerful. In most countries,
  unions were originally illegal. Governments saw
  them as interfering with business and therefore a
  risk to the economy.

17
Organizing the Working Classes

• In 1848, Karl Marx wrote The Communist Manifesto.
  This book, written with Friedrich Engles,
  discussed the idea that all of history is based
  on a class struggle. This struggle takes place
  between the proletariat (working class) and the
  bourgeoisie (middle class managers).
• Marx argues that the proletariat should unite and
  violently overthrow the bourgeoisie. Once this
  happens, the workers would be in charge of
  everything. Slowly, government and property would
  disappear. Worker collectives would run
  everything and everyone would have the same
  items, society would be classless.
• Initially, the government would take over
  everything.
• In a socialist society the government would own
  some means of production.