The INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

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The INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
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KEY QUESTIONS

• What changes were occurring in 18th century
  Europe, and why did they bring about the
  Industrial Revolution?
• What advantages did Great Britain have over the
  rest of continental Europe that allowed for
  Britain to become the first to industrialize?
• How does the Industrial Revolution relate to
  society today?

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What is an Industrial Revolution?

• Industrial Revolution is a major shift of
  technological, social, economic, and cultural
  conditions in the 18th century
• Mechanization is the use of machines to replace
  manual labour or animals and can also refer to
  the use of powered machinery to help a human
  operator in some task

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Manufacturing Domestic Industry

• 18th century- large industry of manufacturing
  textiles by hand and at home
• Domestic Industry was manufacturing items in the
  countryside

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EarlyINDUSTRIALIZATION

• saw the spread of domestic system of
  manufacturing

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Growth of Manufacturing

• depended on 3 interrelated factors
• population growth
• agricultural productivity
• transportation

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Demographic Explosion

• 18th century- Europes population rising because
  of
• - life expectancy rising
• - less disease and epidemics
• - less warfare
• - larger families

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Growth in Agriculture

• 17th century- new methods of agriculture
  increased farm yields
• more land was under cultivation, and
• farm profits were invested in agriculture and
  manufacturing

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Transportation

• Railroad building led to industrial development
  and more jobs
• Steamboats revolutionized travel and transport,
  and
• Roads were improved.

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Inventions and Manufacturing

• Between 1660 and 1760, 210 new inventions were
  patented in England
• Innovations in the technology of cotton
  production led to an increasing supply of raw
  cotton

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Inventions and Manufacturing

• John Kay's Flying Shuttle (1733)
• John Hargreaves' Spinning Jenny
• (1764)

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MoreInventions

• Richard Arkwright's
• water frame
• (1769)
• Samuel Crompton's
• spinning mule
• (1779)

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Inventions and Manufacturing

• James Watt's steam engine (1776)
• Edmund Cartwright's
• mechanized loom (1780s)

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Britain as the Leader

• Britain was the first to undergo the Industrial
  Revolution which later spread throughout Europe
• No single explanation why Britain was first

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Why Was Britain First to Industrialize?

• Established Colonial Empire meant a market for
  goods
• Geography led to transportation infrastructure
• Agriculture revolution in place
• Economic and Political Infrastructure was in place

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Established Colonial Empire Meant a Market for
Goods

• Mercantilism in place
• Many colonial areas under British rule
• Strong position in Latin America and Africa

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Geography led to Transportation Infrastructure

• Was cheaper to ship goods by water
• No part of England was more than 20 miles from
  water
• 1770s saw canal building boom
• No internal tariffs within country to hinder trade

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Agricultural Revolution in Place

• 2nd only to Dutch farm productivity
• Climate established to change techniques
• Avg. family had income left over for purchases of
  manufacturing products
• Enclosure had freed up many farm labourers for
  work in new factories
• These new workers were fairly mobile and could
  move to the new factories

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Economic and Political Infrastructure was in Place

• Had a central bank
• Well developed credit market
• Government let the domestic economy operate
  freely
• Stable and predictable government in place since
  1688

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Transformation of Workers

• What happens to people when they go through an
  economic change?
• Factory soon became the symbol of the new
  industrial age in England
• Many workers did not pass through the Industrial
  Revolution in a direct and immediate form

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Mechanization of Human Beings

• Manual labour replaced by machines
• Division of labour accentuated
• Specialization of manufacturing tasks
• Working class labourers in the new factories

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Industrial Revolution Then and Now?

• Can you see a link between the Economic changes
  that took place then and economic changes taking
  place now?
• What comparisons and differences can you make?

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What jobs are becoming More Popular?
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New Occupations New Educational Requirements?
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