Chapter 24 The Building of European Supremacy

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Chapter 24The Building of European Supremacy

• General information you should know

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Population Trends Migration

• 20 of worlds population?Europe
• 1850266 million
• 1900401 million
• 1910447 million
• Birth/Death rates declined or stabilized

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Worldview

• Stable or slowly growing populations in developed
  countries vs. large rapidly growing populations
  in undeveloped regions?food resource crises
  (Malthus)

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Migration Mobility

• People are on the MOVE
• Serf emancipation
• Cheap land better wages
• Transportation

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• 1846-1932
• 50 million Europeans ?
• North America
• South America
• Australia
• Africa

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BIG picture

• Relieved social population pressures
• Europeanization of the world
• European technology economic superiority

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2nd Industrial Revolution

• Heavy industries Germany, Belgium, France
• SteelBessemer Process
• Internal combustion engines
• 1887Daimler invented automobile
• ? demand for OIL

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Middle Class

• Always rising
• Increased social distinctions
• Suburbs
• Housing reform
• Womens issues more of the same
• Political feminism (see poster p.832)

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Jewish Emancipation

• BIG QUESTION
• Where does anti-Semitism come from?

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First International

• Gathering of socially/economically discontent
• Anarchiststhose who rebel against any authority,
  established order, ruling power
• Socialists
• Polish nationals (why?)

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Karl Marx

• Main voice of International
• Great scientific appeal
• Ideas became main brand of socialism
• Reformwork WITHIN existing political structures

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Paris Commune

• Background Napoleon III (r.1851-1870)
• Picked a fight w/ Prussia (sort of)?
  Franco-Prussian War
• Disastrous to France
• ?Parisians create own govt Commune
• Attracted all kinds of radicalsviolent
• Marx praised as genuinely proletarian
  government, suppressed by bourgeoisie

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Okay for the rest of Europe, what about Great
Britain?
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Great Britain

• Most advanced industrial society
• Growing trade unions support Liberal Party
• Independent Labour Partysocialist
• Growing militancy
• Labor strikeshigher wages

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Great Britain

• The Fabian Society
• Gradual approach to major social reform
• Civil servants
• Problems could be solved democratically
• rational wisdom of socialism (Enlightenment?)

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Great Britain

• David Lloyd George Chancellor of the Exchequer
• Broad program of social/labor reform
• Labor exchanges
• Trade regulation
• Textiles
• National Insurance Act 1911
• Unemployment health care

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France

• Jaures Guesdeled 2 main socialist factions
• Saw opportunity to infiltrate existing
  political structures (parties cabinet
  advisors)
• However?cant support a government that they will
  eventually overthrowmain goal

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France

• Unity? PM Waldeck-Rousseau
• Appointed Millerand (socialist) to cabinet
• 2nd International (1889-Amsterdam)
• Ordered French socialists to form own party
• ?Socialist Party2nd largest group in Chamber of
  Deputies
• However French labor movement? anarchists
• Little interest in politics or socialism
• Less talk-more action? labor strikes to generate
  unity
• Militarily suppressed

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Germany

• German Social Democratic Party (SDP)1875
• Marxist socialism
• reform v. revolution

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Germany

• Bismarcksocialism undermines politics society
• Gute Deutsche sind nicht Sozialist
• Counterproductive legislation thru Reichstag
• Bismarcksmart enough to fix a problem

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Germany

• Health insurance
• Accident insurance
• Old/age disability pensions
• Paternalistic alternative

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Germany

• 1st major industrial nation to introduce welfare
  systemwe take care of our own.

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Germany

• Bismarck outlive socialist repression
• Erfurt Program 1891
• Declared doom of capitalism
• Push socialist ownership of means of production
• Not revolutionary but work withIN system
• SDPhostile to German Empire, but will work with
  it

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Germany

• Fabian influence Eduard Bernstein
• social reform through democratic institutions
  replaced revolution towards human socialist
  society
• August 1914unify to support war effort

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Russia

• Russian socialism reflects political discontent
  economic development
• Nicholas II 1894-1917
• Stubborn supporter of the right of the emperor

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Russia

• Sergei Witte finance minister
• Planned economic development
• Protective tariffs
• Gold standard
• General efficiency
• HEAVY INDUSTRIES
• Railroadsironsteel
• Industrialism led to disgruntled peasants

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Socialism in Russia

• No representative institutions//small working
  class
• Czar banned political parties
• ? exiled Russian Social Democratic Party

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Socialism in Russia

• George PlekhanovChief Russian Marxist
• Chief disciple Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov
• Russia must become industrialized to develop
  large proletariat? revolution

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Socialism in Russia

• Criticized trade unions
• Rejected mass democratic party composed of
  workers
• Infiltration by professionals in revolutionary
  movements government

Lenin
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Socialism in Russia

• 1903Russian Social Democratic Party (London)
• Lenin forced split
• Bolsheviksmajority (organized 1912)
• Elite party
• Dual social revolution
• Mensheviksminority
• Bolsheviksodd man out in European Socialism

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Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905

• Expensive deadly
• Fueled fires of revolution 1905
• Sidebar Japan emerged as world power

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Revolt _at_ home

• January 1905 workers of St. Petersburg carrying
  banners, icons, and portraits of the czar
  solemnly marched on the capital with a petition
  stating their unbearably difficult life. 140,000
  people, including women children, took part in
  the march. Upon the order of the czar, the
  marchers were fired uponover 1,000 were killed,
  5,000 injured.
• Considered the First Revolution

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October Manifesto

• Granted certain freedoms to Russian people
• Later annulled
• Meaningless
• Witte out Stolypin in
• Little sympathy for parliamentary govt
• Convinced Nicholas to dissolve Duma

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Russia

• Stolypin
• Repress rebellionexecute 700 peasants
• Cancel peasants redemptive debt
• ?increase individual ownership of lands
• Farmers more productive working for selves
• Rally property owners to support czar

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Russia

• Grigory Efimovich Rasputin
• Much influence on czar family (Alexandra)
• Widespread distrust of czars policies after 1911