Imperialism Chapter 26

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ImperialismChapter 26

• McKay 873-879, Palmer 16.78, 16.81, 16.82

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Imperialism

• The colonialism of the late nineteenth century
• New Imperialism defined
• Economic, political, military, domination of one
  nation over a territory, people, /or nation
• Europeans made permanent settlements in Asia and
  Africa
• Heyday 1880-1914
• Old Imperialism
• Age of Exploration (1492-1860)
• Usually set up trading posts but did not exert
  political, cultural control of native peoples
• Exceptions Spanish Empire, 13 Colonies

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Reasons for Imperialism

• Economic
• New Markets
• Industrial Rev. created huge supply of surplus
  goods
• Rise of US, Germany led to intense competition
  for markets
• Raw Material
• Industrial Revolution caused high demand for
  rubber, oil
• Cheap Labor
• Maintain high standard of living
• Nationalism International Prestige
• Every virile people has established colonial
  power (Heinrich von Treitschke, a German
  nationalist)
• Means of distracting population from
  social/economic issues at home
• National Security
• Alfred Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power Upon
  History, 1660-1783 (1890)
• American Naval Officers
• Said that in order to maintain power, nations
  needed navies, and navies need coaling stations
  around the world

Cecil Rhodes Colossus Cartoon illustrates the
Cape-Cairo railway project. Founded the De Beers
Mining Company owned the British South Africa
Company. He liked to "paint the map British red,"
and declared "all of these stars ... these vast
worlds that remain out of reach. If I could, I
would annex other planets."
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Reasons for Imperialism

• Technical and Military Superiority
• Maxim gun (machine gun)
• Medicine
• Quinine for malaria
• Steam ship telegraph
• Quick concentration of soldiers
• Social Darwinism
• Herbert Spencer justified domination of superior
  races over weaker inferior races
• Missionary/Civilizing
• Religious revival among bourgeoisie
• Motivated to bring civilization morality to the
  world
• Rudyard Kipling (Jungle Book)
• White Mans Burden
• Poem which calls upon the civilized world to
  accept its responsibility as a power and
  enlighten the savage world

The White Man's Burden (1899)Rudyard
Kipling Take up the White Man's burden--Send
forth the best ye breed--Go bind your sons to
exileTo serve your captives' needTo wait in
heavy harness,On fluttered folk and wild--Your
new-caught, sullen peoples,Half-devil and
half-child.Take up the White Man's burden--In
patience to abide,To veil the threat of
terrorAnd check the show of prideBy open
speech and simple,An hundred times made plainTo
seek another's profit,And work another's gain.
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Types of Imperial Territory

• Colonies
• India
• directly governed by white Euros after 1857
• Protectorates
• Egypt
• rajah, prince maintained territory and guaranteed
  to suppress upheaval
• instructed what to do by a European resident or
  commissioner
• IE. Puppet regime
• Spheres of Influence
• China
• Maintained its political independence
• Economically divided territory where a Power
  would have exclusive trading rights

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Marxist Critique of Imperialism

• Vladimir Lenin
• Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism
  (1916)
• Claimed that imperialism was the natural final
  stage of capitalism
• Developed industrial nations attempt to delay the
  inevitable proletariat revolution by exploiting
  less developed nations for their resources and
  labor
• Predicted that communist revolution would begin
  in less developed (agrarian-based) nations and
  spread to the urban proletariat in developed
  nations
• J.A. Hobson
• English socialist
• argued that imperialism is unnecessary and
  immoral
• result of the misdistribution of wealth
• If more of the wealth was given to the workers
  their would not be capital for export
• It the workers had more purchasing power there
  would be less need for external markets (Ford and
  the Model T)
• Classic Liberals disliked Imperialism
• Gladstone- The lust and love of territory have
  been among the greatest curses of mankind.
• Led to conflict and disrupted free trade
• Libs loved freedom, economic and personal

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New Imperialism Impact on the Dark Continent
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New Imperialism Impact on the Dark Continent
Berlin Conference begins
Ethiopians repel Italian conquest, at the Battle
of Adwa (1896)
 France conquers Algeria
Great Trek" of Boers begins
Belgian Congo Free State (1885)
  Suez Canal (1869)
1830 1871 1884 1899 1914
The Long Depression (1873-96
Dr. Livingstone I presume?
Egypt becomes protectorate state (1882)
Fashoda Crisis
Boer War Begins
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Pre Imperialism Africa

• The Dark Continent
• Europeans knew little of sub Saharan
• called it Dark Continent
• Sahara is almost as large as the who N. America
• Centuries Euros only knew the coast (Gold, Ivory,
  Slave), Nile, Niger, Congo Rivers
• People black but very diverse physically,
  culturally (over thousand languages)
• Craftsmanship in arts, bronze sculpture, gold,
  weaving
• North was Islam, other areas were traditional
  religions
• Lived mainly in villages, agricultural or cattle
  raising
• Timbuktu was one great city
• Ancient kingdoms were weakened by intertribal
  wars, slave trade
• Like Ottomans Africa came under European assault
  when in was in weakened state
• Before 1750 were no whites settlements in sub
  Sahara
• 1910 1.1 mil whites lived with 5 mil blacks

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Dr. Livingstone

• David Livingstone
• Explored central Africa in 1840s and 1850s
• Mapped and charted unexplored territory
• Explored mapped Zambezi River
• 1st white to look at Victoria Falls
• Performed medical, missionary, humanitarian
  work for London Missionary Society
• no economic, political aims
• Disappeared in 1865
• Found by Henry Stanley 11/10/1871
• New York Herald (Yellow Journalism) went looking
  for him
• Found him and uttered Dr. Livingstone I presume?
• Sensationalistic articles created great interest
  in Africa throughout the world

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Opening of Africa

• Stanley saw vast economic possibilities in Africa
  and got the King of Belgium (King Leopold II) to
  back him
• Belgian Congo
• International Congo Association founded in 1878
  (a private enterprise of Leopold II)
• Stanley settled treaties with 500 chiefs
• for trinkets, yards of cloth
• Other Europeans started to become interested
  (felt that they may miss out)
• The Scramble
• Stanleys exploits set off a mad rush to claim
  African territory among major European powers
• German Karl Peters concluded treaties in East
  Africa
• French Brazza claimed the Congo River
• Portuguese hoped to join Angola and Mozambique

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Berlin Conference of 1885

• Bismarck had little interest in African colonies
• like a nobleman wearing a fur coat who cant
  afford underwear
• Recognized it as potential for conflict
• Wanted to keep on good side GB other nations he
  had humbled maintain Bal of Power
• my map of Africa lies in Europe. Here is Russia
  and here is France with Germany in the middle
  that is my map of Africa.
• Berlin Conference (1885-6)
• Bismarck hosted conference (as honest broker) to
  set up ground rules for The Scramble (rush for
  African colonies)
• Powers must physically occupy territory to claim
  it
• Gave façade of humanitarian goals
• Prohibited sale of alcohol and firearms
• End slave trade
• Congo Free State (1885) created
• Recognized territory as personal property of
  Leopold
• Said that Congo should not be a colony but gave
  administration to Leo
• Congo River was internationalized, no tariff on
  imports, slave trade eliminated

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Congo Free State

• Slavery was eliminated but Leos desire to make
  Congo profitable let to horrible abuses
• Europe and America demanded rubber Congo was
  few places that could supply
• Congolese were forced to meet quotas of sap from
  rubber trees or face possible death
• Enforcers had to return with 1 hand for every
  bullet they used
• each time a corporal goes out to get rubber,
  cartridges are given to him. He must bring back
  all not used and for every not used, he must
  bring back a right handin six months, they had
  used 6, 000 cartridges
• Rubber trees were destroyed with no provision to
  replace them
• Leo amassed personal fortune but still needed
• borrowed from his own gov in 1889 and 95
• Press revealed Draconian methods and Belgian gov
  took over in 1908 (year Leo died)
• Congo Free State became colony (Belgian
  Congo)1908
• Worst atrocities were eliminated

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Egypt

• Technically autonomous within Ottoman Empire
• Suez Canal
• Built by Frenchman Ferdinand de Lesseps (French
  Engineer)
• Construction (1855-1869)
• Connected Red Sea with Mediterranean
• Financed as a joint stock company
• increasingly important to Britain
• Khedive Ismail
• Borrowed heavily to built an Opera House in Cairo
  
• Lavish lifestyle led Egypt to financial straights
• Sold canal shares to Disraeli (PM)
• 1879 repudiated Egypts foreign debt
• GB and France forced the abdication of Ismail
• Egyptian nationals protested against British
  influence
• Arab riots caused British and other foreigners to
  flee
• British bombed Alexandria, sent in troops and put
  new Kalif Tewfik under protection
• Egypt became a protectorate of G.B

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The Fashoda Crisis

• France
• Still bitter about loses of Franco-Prussian War
• Bismarck encouraged them to be imperialists
• Suez Canal vitally important to Brits
• Over 3 thousand ships passed thru in 1882
• Linked GB with India
• Sudanese Mahdi (Guided One)
• Led holy war against British
• Charles Chinese Gordon killed in battle just
  before reinforcements arrived (1885)
• General Kitchener with Winston Churchill under
  his command started southward up the Nile and
  defeated local Muslims in 1898 at Omdurman
• kept going south until he reached Fashoda
• Fashoda Crisis
• showdown between Britain and France
• French finally backed down (nervous about Germany
  dealing with Dreyfus Affair) and recalled
  General Marchand
• But led to increased tensions between GB France

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Cape to Cairo

• Cecil Rhodes
• Quintessential British imperialist
• Dreamed of building a RR through Africa
• Cape to Cairo
• Cape Town S. Africa to Cairo Egypt
• 1890, prime minister of Cape Colony,
• ran into independent Transvaal and Orange Free
  State (Boers or Afrikaners)
• Afrikaners
• descendants of Dutch of 1600s had made a great
  trek to escape British rule (started 1830)
• Diamonds were then discovered in Transvaal
• Transvaal refused to pass legislation needed for
  mining

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The South African War

• 1895 Rhodes sent armed irregulars to start a
  revolution but were stopped
• Kruger Telegram
• William II, German emperor, congratulated
  president Paul Kruger of Transvaal, for defeating
  the bully British
• Greatly inflamed tensions between Germany and GB
• 1899 British went to war
• S. African (Boer) War lasted until 1902
• 300 thousand Brits found elusive enemy
• They resorted to ravaging the country,
  concentrations camps where 20 thousand died
• Once fighting stopped British, 2 states were
  united as Union of S. Africa and given semi
  independent status
• War left British very unpopular in Europe

I express to you my sincere congratulations that
you and your people, without appealing to the
help of friendly powers, have succeeded, by your
own energetic action against the armed bands
which invaded your country as disturbers of the
peace, in restoring peace and in maintaining the
independence of the country against attack from
without.1
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Imperialism in India and China

• Palmer 16.82 McKay Ch 26 pgs 877-882

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Roots of British Imperialism in India

• Queen Elizabeth I
• granted English East India Company (later the
  British East India Company), a monopoly of trade
  from the Cape of Good Hope eastward to the Strait
  of Magellan in 1600.
• In 1639 it acquired Madras on the east coast of
  India
• Became principal European trading center
• Through bribes, diplomacy, and manipulation of
  weak native rulers, the company became the
  dominant political force
• English and French trading companies fought one
  another for supremacy

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Roots of British Imperialism in India

• Seven Years' War (1756-1763) marked the end of
  the French stake in the subcontinent
• Until 1858, however, most of India was still
  officially the dominion of the Mughal emperor
• Anger seething under the governor-generalship of
  James Dalhousie (1847-1856), upset cultural
  sensibilities by banning Hindu practices such as
  Sati

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Seapoy Rebellion

• Was a dangerous rebellion in 1857
• Led by seapoys (native Indian mercenaries
  employed by the British)
• Sepoys made up 5/6th of British army there (Brits
  were busy with Crimean War and action in China)
• Many Indian natives saw the British as dangerous
• Banned widow burning, called sati (suttee)
• Hindu widow threw herself on the funeral pyre of
  her deceased husband
• Suppressed the Thugs
• Small band of holy assassins
• Threatened to ban caste
• British officer shot his mouth off about this
• Displacement of land owners

The Attack of Mutineers, July 30, 1857"One of
their leaders waving his sword, shouted 'Come on
my braves!"
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Indian Mutiny Continued

• Muslim population was also agitated
• Wahhabi fundamentalism, popular reform movement
  that sought to purify and defend religious
  practices of Islam
• Propaganda circulated to Muslim sepoys that
  cartridges were greased with fat of a pig or to
  Hindus a cow
• This put them over the top and they rebelled
• Rebellion was brutally put down

Execution by British cannon of Indian soldiers
who participated in the Indian rebellion of 1857
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British Rule in India

• British re-examine their policies
• British East India Company and the Mogul empire
  were replaced with direct rule from Britain
• Allowed the local political structure to exist
• Rajahs and maharajahs (Indian Upper Class) would
  rule with the British crown
• Queen Victoria was proclaimed empress of India in
  1877
• Indias supply of raw materials supported
  Britains position as the worlds workshop
• But they did very little trading with the
  impoverished 315 mil
• Suppressed native industries
• India can never again be a great manufacturing
  country

John Tenniel, Disraeli and Queen Victoria
Exchanging Gifts (Punch Magazine, 1876) (Queen
Victoria granted Disraeli the title Lord
Beaconsfield
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British Rule in India

• British favored education in English (1835)
• Historian T.B. Macaulay said Indian languages
  were vehicles to barbarous and unenlightened
  ideas
• Class of westernized Indians grew to speak
  perfect English and were educated in England
• Demanded more of a role in the affairs of their
  country
• 1885 Hindu Indian National Congress
• 1906 All-India Muslim League
• Nationalism spread as British were targeted with
  criticism
• Targets were capitalists
• Nationalism took on a socialist tone
• Tone of independence was established before WWI

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Imperialism in Asia China and the West

• 16.83

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China before Western Penetration

• The biggest bone of imperialism
• China was a point of conflict between western,
  imperial nations
• Qing (aka Manchu) dynasty (1644-1912) loosely
  ruled over all that was Chinese
• China considered the west to be barbaric and
  remained isolationistic
• China was the Middle Kingdom and everyone else
  were losers
• Qing dynasty was failing and unable to preserve
  order
• White Lotus Society revolted in 1800 but was
  suppressed
• Heavenly Reason Society tried to seize Peking
  (Beijing) in 1813

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Taiping Rebellion of 1850

• 20 million perished (population of GB)
• Leader claimed to be brother of Jesus
• Otherwise due to Chinese causes
• Rebels attacked the Manchus (from Manchuria 2
  centuries before) as corrupt foreigners
• They didnt like poverty, extortion,
  rack-renting, and absentee landlords
• Taiping and Manchu leadership broke down
• Chaos and banditry erupted
• Warlords appeared
• Manchu put down the Taiping rebels with European
  help (after 14 years)
• IE. British General Gordon- Chinese Gordon who
  was later killed in Africa
• Europeans began to extort concessions from the
  Manchu and maintain the Qing dynasty at the same
  time
• Effect was to sustain instability within China
  and increase European access

Major-General Charles George Gordon (1833-1885)
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The Opening of China to the West

• Opium Wars 1839 1857
• Trade with China was difficult
• China desired few European goods
• British East India Company solved problem by
  getting Chinese Tea by trading it for Indian
  grown opium
• China resisted and in 1857 France and Britain (17
  thousand) burned the Emperors summer palace
• Stole vases, tapestries, enamels, jades

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The Treaty System

• Treaties of Nanking (1842) and Tientsin (1857)
• Complex interlocking agreements
• Treaty system led to
• Hong Kong ceded to Britain
• Opened cities to Europeans as ports of entry
• Treaty ports including Shanghai and Canton
  (Guangzhou) gave European rights
• Europeans were immune to Chinese law and subject
  only to their own laws
• American and European gunboats policed Yangtze
  River
• Settlements were established
• War indemnities were charged to the Chinese!
• No import duty over 5 percent (nearly free trade)
• Money from duties went to Europeans to pay the
  indemnities
• Some money went to the Qing government

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Annexations and Concessions

• Russians moved down the Amur River , established
  their Maritime province and founded Vladivostok
  in 1860
• Japanese recognized the independence of Korea
• British annexed Burma
• French annexed the Indo-Chinese peninsula
  (Vietnam, Cambodia)

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Japanese Imperialism

• Japan show imperialistic tendencies
• Revealed their imperialist tendencies in 1894
  when they used modern weapons, training,
  organization to defeat the Chinese
• Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895)
• Annexes Formosa and Liaotung peninsula (which
  reached into Manchuria)
• Recognizes Koreas independence
• Had designs on Manchuria which Russia was also
  interested in (Trans Siberian RR)
• Japan relented under pressure from Russia,
  Germany, France and gave peninsula back to China

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Japanese Imperialism

• China borrowed heavily to westernize (revenge
  against the Japanese)
• Loans open China further to western influence
• Partition of China seemed inevitable
• Germany obtained a 99 year lease on Kiaochow Bay
  and exclusive right in Shantung
• More territories are ceded
• Russians obtained Port Arthur (on Liatong
  Peninsula) and the right to build railroads in
  Manchuria

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Open Door

• U.S. demanded all nations have open trade rights
  with China
• China should remain territorially intact
• Powers will have spheres of influence
• The condition of China is humiliating to Chinese
• Imagine if foreign warships patrolled Mississippi
  and foreigners were not subject to our law, NY
  had settlements were banking concentrated,
  foreigners determined the tariff, the Camp David
  was torched, Long Island and California annexed,
  New England being eyed by Canada and others
  (Manchuria)
• Imperialism is leading to agitation

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Boxers Uprising

• (western name) 1899 (the Order of Literary
  Patriotic Harmonious Fists) broke into
  insurrection
• Pulled up railway tracks, killed Chinese
  Christians, and killed 300 foreigners
• Revolutionary movement in China aimed at
  expulsion of Manchus and foreigners grew under
  Sun Yat-sen
• Joined Euro, Jap, US forces put down boxers
• Charged an indemnity of 330 mil to Chinese (US
  got 24)

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