The Opening of America

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The Opening of America

• Experience History
• Chapter 10

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Expansion and Migration

• American perspective shifts from Europe to West
  after 1815
• Land perceived as rich, unsettled
• Continent held in part by the English, Spanish,
  and Indians

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Extending the Boundaries

• John Quincy Adams--expansionist secretary of
  state from 1816 to 1824
• Adams-Onis Treaty secures all Florida, U.S.
  boundary to Pacific
• Settled "West" still mostly east of Mississippi
  River

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North America, 1819
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Settlement to the Mississippi Indian Removal

• Indian Removal policy begins after 1815
• Some Indians retain tribal homelands
• Some Southern states claim jurisdiction over the
  Indians in their borders
• Former Indian land sold to speculators

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Settlement to the Mississippi Settlers Move In

• By 1840 over 1/3 of U.S. population lives west of
  the Appalachians
• Speculators sell land parcels to settlers on
  credit
• Settlers immediately enter commercial farming to
  pay off debt
• Access to markets gained by network of market
  towns, regional centers

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The People and Culture of the Frontier

• West settled to escape overpopulation, rising
  land prices, worn-out soil
• Settlers bring culture with them
• Cooperation, strong community necessary for
  survival
• Land values rise rapidly in a few years
• Price rise encourages rootlessness as many sell
  out and move on

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The Market Revolution

• The New Nationalism
• New generation of political leaders
• Era of Good Feeling
• Support for national internal improvements
• The Cotton Trade
• Invention of cotton gin in 1793 by Eli Whitney
  dramatically altered southern agriculture

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Emergence of a Market Economy

• Canals cut shipping expenses for western farmers
  and eastern manufacturers
• Steamboats on the rivers also reduced shipping
  costs and stimulated commercial agriculture

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Roads and Steamboats

• National Road from Cumberland, Maryland to
  Wheeling, Virginia
• Private turnpikes built by entrepreneurs
• Roads useful but unprofitable

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Roads and Steamboats (2)

• Network of rivers encourage economic development
• Flatboats transport down river early
• Steamboats transport upriver after 1811
• Upriver capabilities reduce costs
• Steamboat traffic stimulates Congress to
  establish safety regulations

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The Canal Boom

• Erie Canal first transportation link between East
  and West, 1825
• Canal cuts East-West transportation costs
  dramatically
• Canal stimulates commercial growth of New York
  City

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A Revolution in Transportation

• Primitive land transportation in the East was
  offset by shipping via the coastal waterways
• After the War of 1812 political leaders
  recognized the need the need to improve the
  countrys transportation network

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The Beginning of Commercial Agriculture

• Lower transportation costs mean greater income
  for the farmer
• Sale to distant markets involves farmers in a
  complex system of credit
• Market stimulates specialization
• Ohio Valley produces wheat
• Lower South produces cotton

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Commerce and Banking

• Commercial farming stimulates new system of
  marketing
• Farmers borrow on future crops
• Use of credit stimulates banking
• State banks increase after 1812
• 1816--Second Bank of the United States created to
  check state banks
• Banks easy credit sparks Panic of 1819

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Early Industrialism

• Rise in manufacturing after 1812
• Traditional methods but innovative financing
  through putting out system
• putting-out--merchants deliver raw materials
  for farm families, artisans to process
• Textile industry leads development of factory
  system

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The Rise of Factories

• Technological Advances
• Small-scale manufacturing through factories and
  cheap transportation
• Acceptance of technology-from 1790-1860 the US
  Patent Office granted more patents than England
  and France combined
• Interchangeable parts
• Communication-Morse invents the telegraph

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• The Postal System
• Remote areas connected to the rest of the country
  through the postal system
• US had an extensive postal system
• Textile Factories
• Lowell the first fully integrated textile
  factory
• Hard work in the mills 6 days a week with 30
  minutes for noon meal
• Transformation of Lowell from native-born workers
  to Irish immigrants causing declining wages

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The Politics of Nation Building After the War of
1812

• Politics a one-party system after 1812
• Interest groups no longer take differences into
  the political arena
• Federal executive, legislature largely irrelevant
  to domestic economy
• Supreme Court exerts influence on economy by
  deciding crucial cases

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• The Shoe Industry
• Lynn as the center of shoemaking Massachusetts
  towns population doubled every 20 years
• Wages reduced because of number of employees
  needed
• In a little more than a generation shoemaking
  ceased to be a craft
• The Labor Movement
• 1834 National Trades Union formed
• Strength of labor unions collapsed with the
  depression following the Panic of 1837

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The Republicans in Power

• Republicans begin adopting Federalist measures
  after War of 1812
• 1815 establish high tariffs
• 1816 charter a national bank
• federal aid for internal improvements
• Federal efforts to stimulate economy falter
• Madison, Monroe see Constitutional conflicts
• Efforts provoke sectional conflict

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Monroe as President

• James Monroe elected President in 1816, reelected
  in 1820
• Monroe seeks national harmony
• Takes no action in Panic of 1819, believes
  president above such matters
• Provides no leadership controversy over Missouri

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The Missouri Compromise The Issues

• 1817--Missouri applies for statehood as slave
  state
• Northerners believe South over-represented in
  House of Representatives
• House rejects unless slavery abolished
• South wishes to preserve balance between slave
  states and free states

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The Missouri Compromise The Solution

• Missouri admitted as slave state
• Maine admitted as free state
• Slavery banned elsewhere in Louisiana Purchase
  above the latitude of 36E30'
• Missouri controversy exposed deep rift between
  North and South

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The Missouri Compromise, 1820-1821
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Postwar Nationalism and the Supreme Court

• John Marshall chief justice 1801-1835
• Marshall uses position to encourage national
  growth
• Believes Constitution exists to protect the
  industrious
• Protects individual property rights against
  government interference
• Marshall uses court decisions to limit powers of
  the states

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Marshalls Motives

• Promote Nationalism in spite of Election of 1800
  and the rise of Jefferson.
• Strengthen the federal government at expense of
  the states.
• Strengthen the court at the expense of President.

• Advance the interests of the commerce class.
• Protect free enterprise from state control.
• Protect the sanctity of contracts.
• Promote economic growth and industrialization.

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Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

• ISSUE The Georgia Leg. gave large amount of land
  to Yazoo Company (bribes) A year later, after
  election, wanted land back.
• Land grant contracts can not be repealed, SC.

• PRECEDENT Made Contracts sacred.
• Power of the Court to overrule decisions made by
  the states.
• Judicial Review of State Laws NATIONAL
  SUPREMACY CLAUSE

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McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

• ISSUE Southern States seek to limit the power of
  the National Bank.
• Maryland placed a high tax on the Bank.
• SC Bank is Constitutional, necessary and proper
  clause.

• PRECEDENT Loose interpretation of the
  Constitution, esp. necessary and proper clause.
• States can not tax federal institution.
• Supremacy Clause.

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Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

• ISSUE NY gave Ogden monopoly over Hudson River
  Ferry Service.
• US gave Gibbons control of the same river.
• State monopolies are worthless.

• PRECEDENT State power to grant monopolies is
  limited.
• Federal supremacy over-interstate commerce.
• Loose interpretation of the Constitution, federal
  government regulates inter-state commerce.

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Nationalism in Foreign PolicyThe Monroe Doctrine

• When Latin American nations revolt, U.S. supports
  new republics
• European ruling classes fear rebellion might
  prove contagious
• France was encouraged to squelch Spain's
  rebellious colonies
• Great Britain asks U.S. to cooperate against
  French in Latin America

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Nationalism in Foreign Policy Monroe Doctrine (2)

• Monroe persuaded that U.S. alone must protect
  Latin American independence
• 1823--Monroe Doctrine warns European nations out
  of the Western Hemisphere
• Doctrine also promises U.S. will not interfere in
  European affairs
• Refocuses U.S. from worldwide struggles against
  tyranny to national development

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Prosperity and Anxiety

• The Panic of 1819
• National depression
• Debts became hard to pay for both city dwellers
  and rural Americans
• The Missouri Crisis
• Missouri Compromise shows sectional discord
• Americans looked to take more direct control of
  the government