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The West and the Changing World Balance

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Title: The West and the Changing World Balance


1
Chapter 15
  • The West and the Changing World Balance

2
Long Distance Travel Migrations Increase
  • Why?
  • Nomads still roam in some (but fewer) areas
  • Conquest (whats new about this?)
  • Slave Trade (from where to where?)
  • Pilgrimages (examples?)
  • Missionary activity (whose and where?)
  • Diplomacy (examples?)
  • 1 Reason Trade/Commerce (examples?)

3
Middle Eastern Decline
  • Arabs supplanted by Turkic peoples.
  • Abbasids out in 1258
  • Mongols
  • Never again a single, unified Islamic Empire
  • Byzantines out in 1453
  • Ottoman Turks

4
I Got 99 Problems
  • Economic Problems
  • Political Problems
  • Food production declines
  • Ayans seize power over peasants
  • Peasants bound to land as serfs by 1100
  • Trade routes lost to Europeans
  • Mongol decline reduced overland trade emphasized
    sea trade
  • European ship designs improve
  • Enter Portugal and Spain, later England, France,
    and the Netherlands
  • Harms merchant class
  • Less tax revenues for state
  • Leadership crises
  • Power of the Janissaries
  • Influence of the ulama
  • Frequency of succession disputes
  • Lack of vision and unity
  • Ottomans Turks dominate scorn Arabs and rival
    Shiite Safavids
  • Sultans more interested in own power and
    territorial expansion than trade and the empires
    vitality.
  • Europe not united, so why is Europe different?

5
Two Major Trade Networks
  • Silk Roads (riches luxuries)
  • Sea Lanes

6
Rise of Key Trade Cities
  • Kanbaliq, Baghdad, Cairo, Constantinople, Venice,
    Timbuktu
  • Important for diffusion/interaction
  • Important for taxation
  • Become university, library, research places

7
Mongols in the Islamic Heartland
  • Interrupted trade
  • Destroys Abbasid Empire
  • Hastens decline in SW Asia
  • Cities destroyed
  • Irrigation works fail
  • BUT the Silk Road revived
  • Mongol protection
  • Demand for Chinese and Indian products in the West

8
Marco Polo
9
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10
1260-1269-lived with Kublai Khan
11
Marco Polos Legacy
  • Returned to Italy with stories
  • But most of his wealth was looted on the way!
  • Columbus believed his writings as gospel

12
Told of spices, textiles, gems etc.trade!!!
The Silk Road
13
  • New Asian technology
  • Gunpowder
  • Compass
  • Ship design
  • Paper
  • Demand for Asian goods and luxuries
  • Fuels Renaissance
  • Spurs voyages of exploration

14
Europeans and Mongols
  • Europeans fight Muslims (Crusades)
  • Mongols fight Muslims (Abbassids)
  • But, when Pope Innocent IV invited the Mongols to
    convert

15
Why This?
  • 1278Mongols invite Europeans to co-invade SW
    Asia
  • Take Jerusalem
  • Crush Islam
  • Send Rabban Sauna
  • BUT Europeans decline and Islam doesnt die.
  • Ibn Battutu (who was he?)

16
Missionary Campaigns
  • Islam
  • Sufi mystics
  • Not strict on doctrine more on piety and
    devotion
  • Allowed keeping former traditions (syncretism)
  • Christianity
  • Minor success from Crusades
  • Missionaries to China try to convert Chinese and
    Mongols

17
Christian Missionaries
  • John of Montecorvino
  • 1291, First archbishop of Khanbaliq
  • Translated New Testament into Turkish (Mongol
    court language)
  • Built churches, performed over 6,000 baptisms
  • Taught Latin (why so little success?)
  • More success in Scandinavia, Eastern Europe, and
    Mediterranean Islands
  • Disease halts the progress. (Why?)

18
Agricultural and Technological Diffusion
  • Compass (China to India to Europe)
  • Important for age of exploration
  • Gunpowder (China to Mongols to Middle East to
    Europe)
  • Changes war
  • New crops
  • (Muslims spread new fruits, rice, cotton to
    sub-Saharan Africa)
  • Sugarcane from SW Asia
  • Europeans introduced to it during Crusades
  • Its now very difficult to avoidanywhere

19
Consequences of New Agriculture
  • Sugarcane is labor-intensive
  • Plantations need workers
  • Demand for slaves
  • Muslims need more war captives
  • Europeans will plunder West Africa
  • Enriched diets
  • Larger, healthier populations
  • Decreased infant mortality

20
An Early Compass
21
13th century Chinese cannon
Woodcarving of an early European cannon
22
The Trebuchet
23
Disease
  • Spread of goods, crops, more contact
  • Plague hits China2/3 die in some regions
  • 1340s, Mongol trade routes to the West
  • Spreads in domesticated animals too
  • Black Sea ports hit by 1346
  • Next Greece, Italy, et cetera

24
The Black Death
  • 1348, Western Europe
  • Death rate of 60-70
  • Over 100 years for the population to recover
  • On and off periods until late 1600s
  • Scandinavia and India spared (why?)

25
"Realizing what a deadly disaster had come to
them, the people quickly drove the Italians from
their city. But the disease remained, and soon
death was everywhere. Fathers abandoned their
sick sons. Lawyers refused to come and make out
wills for the dying. Friars and nuns were left to
care for the sick, and monasteries and convents
were soon deserted, as they were stricken, too.
Bodies were left in empty houses, and there was
no one to give them a Christian burial."
26
1348-1353
  • 25,000,000 Europeans die of plague
  • Economic effects
  • Labor shortage
  • Trade halts
  • Social effects
  • Young, weak, old die first
  • Religious implications
  • New opportunities for the survivors
  • but governments freeze wages and prevent
    migrations
  • REBELLION!
  • Political effects
  • Decline of feudal/manorial systems

27
Ordinance of Laborers, 1349 The king to the
sheriff of Kent, greeting. Because a great part
of the people, and especially of workmen and
servants, late died of the pestilence, many
seeing the necessity of masters, and great
scarcity of servants, will not serve unless they
may receive excessive wages, and some rather
willing to beg in idleness, than by labor to get
their living we, considering the grievous
incommodities, which of the lack especially of
ploughmen and such laborers may hereafter come,
have upon deliberation and treaty with the
prelates and the nobles, and learned men
assisting us, of their mutual counsel ordained
28
Item, if any reaper, mower, or other workman or
servant, of what estate or condition that he be,
retained in any man's service, do depart from the
said service without reasonable cause or license,
before the term agreed, he shall have pain of
imprisonment. And that none under the same pain
presume to receive or to retain any such in his
service
29
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30
Chinese Recovery
  • Plague weakens Yuan dynasty
  • 1368, Ming emperor Hongwu leads peasant rebellion
    and restoration of Chinese rule

31
Hongwu
32
Ming Restoration
  • Hongwu had to rid China of all things Mongol
  • Language, dress, names, etc. ALL BANNED.
  • Pushed for a return to Chinese traditions
  • Examination System and Confucian bureaucracy
  • Demand absolute obedience strong central
    government
  • No more ministersHongwu ruled directly

33
Ming Restoration
  • Hongwu used Mandarins and eunuchs
  • Mandarins Officials who travel the country to
    make sure imperial law is in effect (auditors)
  • Eunuchs Well, um,
  • Rebuilt irrigation and new public works
  • Promoted production of cotton, lacquerware, and
    porcelain

34
Ming Porcelain
Lacquerware
35
Western Recovery
  • Rise of the Nation-States
  • France, Spain, England, Portugal
  • Holy Roman Empire weakened
  • German Princes and Italian city-states have the
    real power

36
Why Nation-States?
  • Promote unity
  • Broader taxation
  • Stronger standing army
  • Good for kings

37
Started in Italy with the city states of Milan,
Venice, Florence, Naples and the Papal States
38
Centralization
  • English and French finishing 100 Years War
  • Need money
  • Need an edge
  • France Sales tax, hearth tax, salt tax
  • England Hearth tax, head tax (individual tax),
    ploughman tax

39
France in 1337
France in 1450
40
Standing Army
  • England didnt have one (at first)
  • Louis XI (France) had one of 15,000
  • Whats England supposed to do?

41
Iberia
  • Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabel of Castile
  • Unite Spain
  • Drive out Moors
  • Establish a sales tax and strong army
  • Portugal similar

42
National Competition
  • Military and naval technology grow rapidly
  • Kings gain more authority
  • Lots of small wars
  • ANYTHING for an edge

43
The Renaissance
  • Re-nai-ssance (Rebirth)
  • Arts
  • Learning
  • Glory
  • Inspired by Greco-Roman traditions

44
Humanists
  • Emphasis on the classical rather than the
    medieval
  • Sponsored by wealthy patrons
  • Signing works celebrating human form (nudes!),
    achievements, ego, and emotions
  • Petrarch, Dante, da Vinci

45
Brunelleschi-the Dome
46
Leonardo da Vinci
Flying Machines
Studies in Anatomy
Self Portrait
47
Robot
Mona Lisa
Armored Car/Tank
48
Michelangelo Buonaratti
David
The Pieta
49
The Sistene Chapel
50
Interested in art, history and philosophyl
ooked at how something could be religious without
living in a monastery
51
Chinas Missed Opportunity
  • Chinese xenophobia
  • Only two ports open to foreigners
  • Quanzhou and Guangzhou
  • Emperor Yongle dispatches Zheng He
  • But

52
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53
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54
Chinese junk compared to a Spanish caravel
55
Voyages of the Chinese fleet
56
Zheng He
  • 8 voyages
  • Called back due to Mongol threat
  • Too expensive
  • Chinese not interested in foreign goods
  • Confucians jealous of a Muslim star
  • Junks left to rot, and Chinese lose knowledge of
    how to build such large sailing ships
  • Trade with Southeast Asia and Japan continues,
    but most else shut down

57
Europeans1-Portuguese Henrique the Navigator
58
Portugals Exploration
  • Started with Islands off African coast
  • Azores, Canary, Cape Verde, Sao Tome, Princip
  • Focused on sugarcane plantations
  • Led to interest in West African slavery

59
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60
Portugal and Slavery
  • Latched on to existing African slave trade
  • Kept sailing around Africa
  • Bartolomeu Diaz around Cape of Good Hope
  • Vasco da Gama to India (1498)
  • Bypass Italian monopoly of trade
  • Shows Europes newfound naval supremacy over
    Ottomans.
  • Beginning of European imperialism in Asia.

61
Christopher Columbus
62
Christopher Columbus
  • Cristoforo Colombo
  • Genoese navigator
  • Says fastest way East is to go West
  • Rejected by Portugal
  • Makes four trips for Spain
  • Opens the Americas to exploration
  • Probably never knew he had not reached Asia.
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