The West and the Changing World Balance

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Chapter 15

• The West and the Changing World Balance

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Long Distance Travel Migrations Increase

• Why?
• Nomads still roam in some (but fewer) areas
• Conquest (whats new about this?)
• Slave Trade (from where to where?)
• Pilgrimages (examples?)
• Missionary activity (whose and where?)
• Diplomacy (examples?)
• 1 Reason Trade/Commerce (examples?)

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Middle Eastern Decline

• Arabs supplanted by Turkic peoples.
• Abbasids out in 1258
• Mongols
• Never again a single, unified Islamic Empire
• Byzantines out in 1453
• Ottoman Turks

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I Got 99 Problems

• Economic Problems

• Political Problems

• Food production declines
• Ayans seize power over peasants
• Peasants bound to land as serfs by 1100
• Trade routes lost to Europeans
• Mongol decline reduced overland trade emphasized
  sea trade
• European ship designs improve
• Enter Portugal and Spain, later England, France,
  and the Netherlands
• Harms merchant class
• Less tax revenues for state

• Leadership crises
• Power of the Janissaries
• Influence of the ulama
• Frequency of succession disputes
• Lack of vision and unity
• Ottomans Turks dominate scorn Arabs and rival
  Shiite Safavids
• Sultans more interested in own power and
  territorial expansion than trade and the empires
  vitality.
• Europe not united, so why is Europe different?

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Two Major Trade Networks

• Silk Roads (riches luxuries)

• Sea Lanes

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Rise of Key Trade Cities

• Kanbaliq, Baghdad, Cairo, Constantinople, Venice,
  Timbuktu
• Important for diffusion/interaction
• Important for taxation
• Become university, library, research places

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Mongols in the Islamic Heartland

• Interrupted trade
• Destroys Abbasid Empire
• Hastens decline in SW Asia
• Cities destroyed
• Irrigation works fail
• BUT the Silk Road revived
• Mongol protection
• Demand for Chinese and Indian products in the West

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Marco Polo
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1260-1269-lived with Kublai Khan
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Marco Polos Legacy

• Returned to Italy with stories
• But most of his wealth was looted on the way!
• Columbus believed his writings as gospel

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Told of spices, textiles, gems etc.trade!!!
The Silk Road
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• New Asian technology
• Gunpowder
• Compass
• Ship design
• Paper
• Demand for Asian goods and luxuries
• Fuels Renaissance
• Spurs voyages of exploration

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Europeans and Mongols

• Europeans fight Muslims (Crusades)
• Mongols fight Muslims (Abbassids)
• But, when Pope Innocent IV invited the Mongols to
  convert

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Why This?

• 1278Mongols invite Europeans to co-invade SW
  Asia
• Take Jerusalem
• Crush Islam
• Send Rabban Sauna
• BUT Europeans decline and Islam doesnt die.
• Ibn Battutu (who was he?)

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Missionary Campaigns

• Islam
• Sufi mystics
• Not strict on doctrine more on piety and
  devotion
• Allowed keeping former traditions (syncretism)
• Christianity
• Minor success from Crusades
• Missionaries to China try to convert Chinese and
  Mongols

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Christian Missionaries

• John of Montecorvino
• 1291, First archbishop of Khanbaliq
• Translated New Testament into Turkish (Mongol
  court language)
• Built churches, performed over 6,000 baptisms
• Taught Latin (why so little success?)
• More success in Scandinavia, Eastern Europe, and
  Mediterranean Islands
• Disease halts the progress. (Why?)

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Agricultural and Technological Diffusion

• Compass (China to India to Europe)
• Important for age of exploration
• Gunpowder (China to Mongols to Middle East to
  Europe)
• Changes war
• New crops
• (Muslims spread new fruits, rice, cotton to
  sub-Saharan Africa)
• Sugarcane from SW Asia
• Europeans introduced to it during Crusades
• Its now very difficult to avoidanywhere

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Consequences of New Agriculture

• Sugarcane is labor-intensive
• Plantations need workers
• Demand for slaves
• Muslims need more war captives
• Europeans will plunder West Africa
• Enriched diets
• Larger, healthier populations
• Decreased infant mortality

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An Early Compass
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13th century Chinese cannon
Woodcarving of an early European cannon
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The Trebuchet
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Disease

• Spread of goods, crops, more contact
• Plague hits China2/3 die in some regions
• 1340s, Mongol trade routes to the West
• Spreads in domesticated animals too
• Black Sea ports hit by 1346
• Next Greece, Italy, et cetera

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The Black Death

• 1348, Western Europe
• Death rate of 60-70
• Over 100 years for the population to recover
• On and off periods until late 1600s
• Scandinavia and India spared (why?)

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"Realizing what a deadly disaster had come to
them, the people quickly drove the Italians from
their city. But the disease remained, and soon
death was everywhere. Fathers abandoned their
sick sons. Lawyers refused to come and make out
wills for the dying. Friars and nuns were left to
care for the sick, and monasteries and convents
were soon deserted, as they were stricken, too.
Bodies were left in empty houses, and there was
no one to give them a Christian burial."
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1348-1353

• 25,000,000 Europeans die of plague
• Economic effects
• Labor shortage
• Trade halts
• Social effects
• Young, weak, old die first
• Religious implications
• New opportunities for the survivors
• but governments freeze wages and prevent
  migrations
• REBELLION!
• Political effects
• Decline of feudal/manorial systems

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Ordinance of Laborers, 1349 The king to the
sheriff of Kent, greeting. Because a great part
of the people, and especially of workmen and
servants, late died of the pestilence, many
seeing the necessity of masters, and great
scarcity of servants, will not serve unless they
may receive excessive wages, and some rather
willing to beg in idleness, than by labor to get
their living we, considering the grievous
incommodities, which of the lack especially of
ploughmen and such laborers may hereafter come,
have upon deliberation and treaty with the
prelates and the nobles, and learned men
assisting us, of their mutual counsel ordained
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Item, if any reaper, mower, or other workman or
servant, of what estate or condition that he be,
retained in any man's service, do depart from the
said service without reasonable cause or license,
before the term agreed, he shall have pain of
imprisonment. And that none under the same pain
presume to receive or to retain any such in his
service
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Chinese Recovery

• Plague weakens Yuan dynasty
• 1368, Ming emperor Hongwu leads peasant rebellion
  and restoration of Chinese rule

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Hongwu
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Ming Restoration

• Hongwu had to rid China of all things Mongol
• Language, dress, names, etc. ALL BANNED.
• Pushed for a return to Chinese traditions
• Examination System and Confucian bureaucracy
• Demand absolute obedience strong central
  government
• No more ministersHongwu ruled directly

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Ming Restoration

• Hongwu used Mandarins and eunuchs
• Mandarins Officials who travel the country to
  make sure imperial law is in effect (auditors)
• Eunuchs Well, um,
• Rebuilt irrigation and new public works
• Promoted production of cotton, lacquerware, and
  porcelain

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Ming Porcelain
Lacquerware
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Western Recovery

• Rise of the Nation-States
• France, Spain, England, Portugal
• Holy Roman Empire weakened
• German Princes and Italian city-states have the
  real power

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Why Nation-States?

• Promote unity
• Broader taxation
• Stronger standing army
• Good for kings

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Started in Italy with the city states of Milan,
Venice, Florence, Naples and the Papal States
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Centralization

• English and French finishing 100 Years War
• Need money
• Need an edge
• France Sales tax, hearth tax, salt tax
• England Hearth tax, head tax (individual tax),
  ploughman tax

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France in 1337
France in 1450
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Standing Army

• England didnt have one (at first)
• Louis XI (France) had one of 15,000
• Whats England supposed to do?

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Iberia

• Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabel of Castile
• Unite Spain
• Drive out Moors
• Establish a sales tax and strong army
• Portugal similar

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National Competition

• Military and naval technology grow rapidly
• Kings gain more authority
• Lots of small wars
• ANYTHING for an edge

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The Renaissance

• Re-nai-ssance (Rebirth)
• Arts
• Learning
• Glory
• Inspired by Greco-Roman traditions

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Humanists

• Emphasis on the classical rather than the
  medieval
• Sponsored by wealthy patrons
• Signing works celebrating human form (nudes!),
  achievements, ego, and emotions
• Petrarch, Dante, da Vinci

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Brunelleschi-the Dome
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Leonardo da Vinci
Flying Machines
Studies in Anatomy
Self Portrait
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Robot
Mona Lisa
Armored Car/Tank
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Michelangelo Buonaratti
David
The Pieta
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The Sistene Chapel
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Interested in art, history and philosophyl
ooked at how something could be religious without
living in a monastery
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Chinas Missed Opportunity

• Chinese xenophobia
• Only two ports open to foreigners
• Quanzhou and Guangzhou
• Emperor Yongle dispatches Zheng He
• But

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Chinese junk compared to a Spanish caravel
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Voyages of the Chinese fleet
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Zheng He

• 8 voyages
• Called back due to Mongol threat
• Too expensive
• Chinese not interested in foreign goods
• Confucians jealous of a Muslim star
• Junks left to rot, and Chinese lose knowledge of
  how to build such large sailing ships
• Trade with Southeast Asia and Japan continues,
  but most else shut down

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Europeans1-Portuguese Henrique the Navigator
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Portugals Exploration

• Started with Islands off African coast
• Azores, Canary, Cape Verde, Sao Tome, Princip
• Focused on sugarcane plantations
• Led to interest in West African slavery

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Portugal and Slavery

• Latched on to existing African slave trade
• Kept sailing around Africa
• Bartolomeu Diaz around Cape of Good Hope
• Vasco da Gama to India (1498)
• Bypass Italian monopoly of trade
• Shows Europes newfound naval supremacy over
  Ottomans.
• Beginning of European imperialism in Asia.

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Christopher Columbus
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Christopher Columbus

• Cristoforo Colombo
• Genoese navigator
• Says fastest way East is to go West
• Rejected by Portugal
• Makes four trips for Spain
• Opens the Americas to exploration
• Probably never knew he had not reached Asia.