THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

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THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

• Health Science 1
• Marta Valdes, Instructor

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WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM ?

• Circulates blood through the body
• Transports water, oxygen and food to cells
• Removes wastes from the cells.
• Helps fight disease
• Helps maintain the correct body temperature

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THE HEART
The heart is a muscular pump. It is located in
the center of chest slightly tilting to the
left. It is divided into two halves by a central
partition called the SEPTUM.
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Each half is then, divided by valves into an
ATRIUM above (A for above) and a VENTRICLE below.
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We, therefore have a right and left ATRIUM and a
right and left VENTRICLE.
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Heart

• Walls of the heart are made up of three layers of
  tissue
• Endocardium
• Myocardium
• Epicardium
• Atria and ventricles
• Heart valves
• Conduction system
• Coronary circulation

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BLOOD VESSELS
There are 3 vessel types-

• Arteries
• Veins
• Capillaries

The structure of ARTERIES, VEINS and CAPILLARIES
is different.
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ARTERIES

• ARTERIES have thick walls.
• Most carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.

• Pulsate as the heart beats.

• Are more elastic than VEINS and also have higher
  pressure.

The PULMONARY ARTERIES are different, they carry
de-oxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
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Any vessel LEAVING the heart is called an ARTERY.
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VEINS

• Any vessel ENTERING the heart is called a
• VEIN.
• VEINS carry de-oxygenated blood to the heart.

• They have much thinner walls than arteries.

• They contain many VALVES which keep
  de-oxygenated blood flowing to the heart and
  avoid the possibility of blood flowing backwards.

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VEINS

• VEINS rarely pulsate.

• They are less elastic than arteries.

• They carry blood at a lower pressure.

The PULMONARY VEINS, which leave the lungs on the
way to the heart, are different from other veins,
they carry oxygenated blood.
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CAPILLARIES are vessels that link the
ARTERIES with the VEINS.
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TO SUM UP THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CAPILLARIES,
VEINS AND ARTERIES
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SMOKING
The ARTERIES need to be clear and free from
obstruction in order to carry blood and supplies
to the working muscles.
But these passageways can be blocked by lipids
which can be caused by smoking.
Nicotine, one of the main components of tobacco,
affects the nervous system, which controls the
HEART RATE.
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HEART RATE increases raises BLOOD PRESSURE.
Other conditions associated with smoking include
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) and STROKES.
It is said that risk of a heart attack is
decreased after the smoker has stopped smoking
for one year.
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WHY DO WE NEED TO TAKE OUR BLOOD PRESSURE ?
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Blood pressure varies with

1. AGE
2. GENDER
3. ALTITUDE
4. MUSCULAR DEVELOPMENT
5. STRESS
6. TIREDNESS

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Guidelines

• The Seventh Report of the Joint National
  Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment
  of High Blood Pressure (JNC VII) uses the
  following guidelines to define HTN in adults
  (Brashers, 2006, p.1)

Category Systolic Diastolic
Normal lt120 and lt80
Pre-hypertension 120-139 or 85-89
Stage 1 hypertension 140-159 or 90-99
Stage 2 hypertension gt160 or gt100
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What can I do to reduce the risk of high blood
pressure ?

• Check your weight
• Limit your alcohol consumption
• Avoid smoking
• In some people too much salt may unbalance the
  body chemistry and affect blood pressure.
• Avoid situations that cause stress, anxiety or
  worry.
• 6. Exercise regularly- this will help to control
  stress, keep your blood pressure normal and your
  whole system in good shape.

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Management of Hypertension

• Prevention
• Patient education
• Life-style modification
• Medication

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The Effects of Aging on the Cardiovascular System

• Less efficient contraction
• Decreased elasticity of the arteries veins
• Proper diet and regular exercise can help to keep
  the cardiovascular system healthy

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Disorders of the Cardiovascular System

• Disorders of the blood
• Anemia
• Leukemia
• Bleeding disorders
• Disorders of the blood vessels
• Atherosclerosis
• Venous disorders
• Disorders of the heart
• Coronary artery disease
• Heart failure
• Conduction disorders

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Disorders of the Blood Vessels

• Atherosclerosis
• Blocking of the arteries
• Plaques build up on the inside of the arteries,
  restricting blood flow
• Can lead to myocardial infarction (heart attack),
  stroke
• Risk factors high blood cholesterol, lack of
  exercise, smoking

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Disorders of the Blood Vessels

• Venous disorders
• Venous thrombosis blood clots form in the veins
  danger of embolism
• Venous (stasis) ulcers skin breakdown as a
  result of poor circulation

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Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease

• Nonmodifiable cardiac risk factors
• Age
• Gender
• Heredity
• Body build
• Modifiable cardiac risk factors
• Smoking
• Inactivity
• Obesity
• High-cholesterol diet

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Heart Disease

• Coronary artery disease
• Disease of the arteries that supply the heart
  with oxygen and nutrients
• Two closely related conditions
• Angina pectoris pain that occurs when heart
  muscle is deprived of oxygen
• Myocardial infarction heart attack part of the
  heart muscle dies
• Heart failure
• Heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the
  bodys needs
• Types
• Cor pulmonale (right-sided heart failure)
• Congestive heart failure (left-sided heart
  failure)
• Treated with medication fluid intake may be
  restricted
• Conduction disorders
• Electrical impulses that cause the heart to
  contract cannot get through

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Electrocardiography

• In this test, sensors are attached to the
  persons chest
• Tracing of electrical activity of the heart on
  paper is called an electrocardiogram (EKG, ECG)
• Stress test EKG obtained while a person
  exercises

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Echocardiography

• In this test, sound waves are bounced against the
  body to produce an image
• Provides information like
• Size and shape of the heart
• Its pumping strength
• The location and extent of any damage to its
  tissues

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Doppler Ultrasound and Radiography

• Doppler ultrasound sound waves are used to check
  the blood flow in the large arteries and veins of
  the arms and legs
• Radiography Allows the doctor to see the heart
  and vessels without actually entering the body