Circulatory System

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Circulatory System Vascular System (vas vessel)
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• Walls of arteries and veins have three layers
• Tunica externa (tunica adventita) outer loose
  connective tissue
• Tunica media smooth muscle, collagen, and
  elastic
• Tunica interna (tunica intima) inner layer
  consisting of simple squamous endothelium
  (endothelial lining)

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• Capillaries
• endothelial tube inside basement membrane
• substances can pass back forth to
  interstitial fluid
• scarce in tendons and ligaments and absent
  from cartilage, epithelia, and lens of the eye
• form beds
• precapillary sphincters

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Arteries of the thorax

• Branches of aortic arch (not really in thorax)
• brachiocephalic trunk (branches into right
  common carotid a. right subclavian a.)
• left common carotid a.
• left subclavian a.

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Arteries of the head and neck
1. internal carotid aa. 2. external carotid
aa. 3. vertebral aa. 4. basilar a.
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• circle of Willis (cerebral arterial circle)
• middle cerebral aa.
• anterior cerebral aa.
• anterior communicating a.
• posterior cerebral aa.
• posterior communicating aa.

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Arteries of the thorax and upper limb
thoracic aorta a. visceral branches
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b. parietal branches thoracic wall posterior
intercostal aa.
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Subclavian a. Axillary a. Brachial a.
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• subclavian a.
• vertebral a.
• thyrocervical trunk
• internal thoracic a.

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internal thoracic a.
a.k.a. internal mammary
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Axillary a.
lateral to clavicle to humeral circumflex aa.
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Brachial a. at tendon of teres major medial side
of humerus ends just distal to the elbow Deep
brachial a. (profunda brachii a.)
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Radial a. antebrachial flexor mm. Ulnar a.
antebrachial flexor mm.
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Abdominal aorta
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lumber aa.
Inferior phrenic aa.
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Viscera
1. celiac trunk 2. superior mesenteric a.
pancreas, SI, most of LI 3. suprarenal aa.
(middle) 4. renal aa. 5. gonadal aa. 6.
inferior mesenteric a. end of LI rectum
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• Branches of celiac trunk
• splenic a. spleen, stomach, pancreas
• left gastric a. stomach, esophagus
• common hepatic a. liver, stomach, gallbladder,
  duodenum

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Arteries of the pelvis 1. median sacral 2.
left and right common iliac aa. a. internal
iliac aa. b. external iliac aa.
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Internal iliac aa. pelvic muscles viscera,
perineum, gluteal region and medial thigh
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Arteries of the lower extremity
external iliac a. becomes femoral a. after
inguinal ligament
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femoral triangle
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deep femoral a. thigh hip
adductor canal descending genicular a.
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adductor canal femoral a. becomes popliteal a.
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posterior tibial a. posterior lateral leg,
plantar aspect of foot
fibular a. lateral leg, ankle anastomoses at the
ankle with the anterior and posterior tibial aa.
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anterior tibial a. anterior leg dorsum of foot
deep foot
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Veins
Larger, thinner walls
venules and smaller veins have valves
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• Systemic Veins
• With few exceptions largely parallel the
  arteries and are named as they are

• In the neck and extremities, arteries are deep,
  veins have superficial deep networks
• Superficial veins of the limbs form a special
  system of their own, but unite with deep veins
  accompanying the arteries

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Superficial upper limb veins
basilic v. (ulnar side) cephalic v. (radial
side) median cubital v.
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• confluence of subclavian v internal jugular v.
  form brachiocephalic vv.
• left and right brachiocephalic vv. form superior
  vena cava

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Azygos system primary function to drain body wall
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azygos v. empties into SVC around T2
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Inferior vena cava
Collects most of the blood from organs below
diaphragm no thoracic drainage
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• Superficial veins of the lower extremity
• dorsal venous arch
• small saphenous v.
• great saphenous v.