World war i

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World war i

• Shannon Slaughter
• SCCHS

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World War I 1914-1919The war to end all
wars The Great War

• MAJOR LONG TERM CAUSES
• A. Militarism- the aggressive build up of armed
  forces German militarism forced Great Britain
  to become involved in an alliance system.
  Germany began building a large modern navy. This
  naval race greatly increased tensions between
  Germany and Great Britain. Britain, France,
  Russia became known as the Triple Entente.

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World War I

• B. Nationalism- pride in ones country.
  Nationalism again brought about tensions between
  European nations. This led to some countries
  wanting independence from another nation that had
  power over them.
• C. Imperialism- idea that a country can increase
  its power and wealth by controlling another
  country. This idea spread in the late 1800s.

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World War ID. Alliance System started by OTTO
VON BISMARK (chancellor of Germany)

• Triple Alliance- before war-then after the war
  began- called CENTRAL POWERS
• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Bulgaria
• Ottoman Empire

• Triple Entente after the start of the war
  ALLIES.
• France
• Russia
• Great Britain
• 1915- Italy joined the effort
• 1917-United States

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World War I

• June 1914- Franz Ferdinand Archduke of Austria
  Hungary- assassinated the Serbian nationalist
  group the BLACK HAND - this triggered the war-
  nations were ready for the fightsides were
  struck.
• Austria-Hungary then issued an ultimatum to the
  Serbian government. The Serbs counted on Russia
  to back them, the Russians in turn, counted on
  France. On July 28, 1914 Austria Hungary declared
  war on Serbia. W.W.I Began.
• Germany began a policy of UNRESTRICTED SEA
  (SUBMARINE) WARFARE German policy of sinking
  ALL enemy watercraft spurred by the British
  blockade of the North Sea / warring nations had
  the right to sink ships carrying contraband
  (military supplies)

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World War I

• Schlieffen Plan Battle strategy for Germany to
  attack France first then focus effort on Russia
  very difficult to fight a war on 2 fronts.
• Germany attacks Belgium gets bogged down then on
  to France determined to conquer Paris.
• The FRENCH dig in (elaborate system of trenches
  for defense) makes the war on the western front
  one of attrition.

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American Involvement in WWI

• American foreign policy NEUTRALITY / non
  involvement (ISOLATIONISM) from Washingtons
  advice
• 1916 Woodrow Wilson ran on the slogan He Kept
  Us Out of War worked (proving that
  historically America does not change leadership
  during a world conflict)
• There were strained civilian relations in the US
  because of the European immigrants here.
• German Americans (came under heightened public
  scrutiny) / Irish / Franco-American
• HOT DOG / LIBERTY CABBAGE / SALISBURY STEAK All
  German food names Frankfurter, Sauerkraut,
  Hamburger Steak ANTI- GERMAN feelings all
  across the US.
• 900,000 German Americans altered their last
  names

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Anti German violence

• Pensacola German American forced to shout To
  Hell with the Kaiser at movie theater, then
  flogged.
• George Koetzer San Jose, CA tarred/feathered
  then chained to a cannon in a local park
• Fritz Monat Jefferson City, MO stripped,
  beaten by a vigilante mob taken to a theater and
  forced to kiss an American Flag
• Robert Prager Collinsville, IL lynched by a
  mob. Had previously tried to join the US Navy
  and had applied for citizenship. Was a suspect
  in a mine bombing because he was of foreign
  descent.

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American Involvement in WWI

• PROPAGANDA WAR AMERICA AND GERMANY
• Americans identified German Kultur with
  destruction and barbarism, and they regarded
  Germans as uncivilized brutes and Huns,
• 2. March 1916- Sussex attacked. The Germans
  announced the Sussex Pledge they would never
  sink another merchant vessel. -- Germany LIED

• The United States declared war in 1917. Why?
• 1. Unrestricted submarine warfare. The Germans
  sank merchant ships without warning. This
  outraged most Americans. They were readying for
  war.
• May 7, 1915-Lusitania sank by U-boats, killing
  1,200 passengers including 128 Americans. The
  attack outraged Americans who saw this as a
  terrorist attack. - yellow journalism

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• What does PATRIOTISM mean to you?
• Do you think its important for people to be
  PATRIOTIC? Why? Why not?
• Is it either PATRIOTIC or ANTI-AMERICAN to
  criticize the federal government?
• Do you think Debs and Schenk were Anti-American?
  Why? Why not?

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to make the world safe for democracy
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US involvement in WWI

• 3. ZIMMERMANN TELEGRAM-
• From Germany to Mexico be our ally (buddy)
  start a war against the United States (why?) so
  Germany could reclaim lost lands- Texas, New
  Mexico, Arizona- (the Mexican Cession) /this
  telegram was intercepted by intelligence.
  ALLEGEDLY
• 4. VIOLATION OF SUSSEX PLEDGE -- Many Americans
  were furious at Germany. Now the country
  concluded that war was necessary. Then , on
  February 1, 1917 the Germans began unrestricted
  submarine warfare again SUNK 4 American
  merchant ships.

• 5. American (private investors) loans to the
  Allied Powers -- 2 billion to Great Britain
  alone for war supplies / tanks / weapons etc.
  US is the worlds largest CREDITOR NATION
• JP MORGAN became the leading financier of the war
  effort by providing Britain, France, and Russia
  with loans and by convincing other bankers to do
  the same.
• To Make the World Safe for Democracy ?????

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6. Bolshevik Revolution

• Lenin- Communist led the revolution. Lenins
  first act after seizing power was to pull the
  Russians out of war. TREATY OF BREST-LITOVSK
• Why did this allow the US to join the Allies?

• Russian had a revolution in 1917- Lenin led this
  uprising in which he promised to get his country
  out of the war- Czar Nicholas II was ousted for
  his ill handling of the war.
• PROMISES PEACE, BREAD, LAND, WORK

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World War I

• The United States military needs volunteers.
• Later the draft- Selective Service Act of 1917
  American males were drafted. All men between 21
  and 30 had to register for the draft. A lottery
  randomly determined the order of selection.

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World War I

• The government borrowed over 20 billion through
  the sale of Liberty Bonds/ Victory Bonds-
• Americans who bought bonds were loaning money to
  the government.
• The MAJOR method of the US government used to
  help fight the war.
• Used propaganda to sell Four minute men /
  characterizing the Germans as Huns / Movies /
  and glamorizing war.

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American Propaganda

• Edith Cavell credited with saving the lives of
  200 Allied soldiers and helping them escape
  German occupied Belgium. She administered aid
  to soldiers on BOTH sides but was arrested for
  helping Allies. Eventually court-martialed,
  found guilty of treason by the Germans and put to
  death by a German firing squad. America used it
  as propaganda as her execution received
  world-wide press coverage.

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WWI on The Home Front

• Why? to coordinate resources for domestic
  military needs
• War Industries Board- coordinate the production
  of war materials. Retool assembly lines to
  produce war products. Told manufacturers what
  to produce / government bought everything/
  cost-plus contracts.
• Food Administration- Herbert Hoover- reduce
  consumption of food. Wheatless Mondays, Meatless
  Tuesdays, Porkless Thursdays. VICTORY GARDENS!

• Committee of Public Information- advertise the
  war- sell the war- George Creel- distributed
  pamphlets / arranged for patriotic speeches, used
  entertainers to sell the war effort.
• Four minute men speeches at local theaters in
  support of the war BUY BONDS!! Report draft
  dodgers.
• Espionage Act of 1917 illegal to aid the enemy
  / or interfere with war effort.
• The Sedition Act illegal to criticize the
  government (Remember 1800?)

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WWI on the Home Front

• Schenck vs. United States- Schenck violated the
  Espionage and Sedition Acts by handing out
  pamphlets telling men not to register for the
  draft. This was illegal and caused problems for
  the United States. No freedom of speech in time
  of war/ cannot speak out against the government
  in time of war.
• CLEAR AND PRESENT DANGER -- The most stringent
  protection of free speech would not protect a man
  in falsely shouting fire in a theatre and causing
  a panic. ... The question in every case is
  whether the words used are used in such
  circumstances and are of such a nature as to
  create a clear and present danger that they will
  bring about the substantive evils that Congress
  has a right to prevent

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World War I

• World War I was the first war women officially
  served in the armed forces. By the end of the war
  more than 11,000 women had served in the navy.

• Unlike the navy the army refused to enlist women
  . Instead , it hired women as temporary employees
  to fill clerical jobs. The only women to actually
  serve in the army were in the Army Nursing Corps.

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WWI on the Home Front

• Nearly 42,000 African Americans served in combat
  overseas. African American troops encountered
  discrimination and prejudice in the army. They
  served in segregated units always with white
  officers in charge.

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World War I

• The war was known for its trench warfare
  network of trenches to fight inside of / in the
  middle of the trenches was called no mans land
  it rough barren landscapes filled with craters
  from artillery fire. To prevent troops from
  crossing no mans land , both sides built barbed
  wire entanglements and obstacles in front of
  their trenches.
• American soldiers were called doughboys so
  named for their fresh faces and the size of their
  uniform buttons.

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World War I- No Mans Land
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Trench foot disease prolonged exposure to
dampness, mud

• If you have never had trench feet described to
  you. I will tell you. Your feet swell to two or
  three times their normal size and go completely
  dead. You could stick a bayonet into them and not
  feel a thing. If you are fortunate enough not to
  lose your feet and the swelling begins to go
  down. It is then that the intolerable,
  indescribable agony begins. I have heard men cry
  and even scream with the pain and many had to
  have their feet and legs amputated. -- Sergeant
  Harry Roberts

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most important article of clothing?Socks

• These feet have trench foot and frostbite caused
  by standing for hours in a freezing waterlogged
  trench. To avoid this condition soldiers were
  told to change their socks regularly, wear
  waterproof footwear or gumboots and cover their
  feet with whale oil.

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Trench foot - 1916
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New Technology in WWI

• Germans poison gas / U-Boats / Zeppelins
  (bombs)/
• British armored tanks
• First aircraft in war (first spying) then dog
  fights- aircraft shot down other aircraft
• Machine Guns
• USE OF TOTAL WAR total annihilation /
  destruction targeting civilians
• Convoy system delivery
• of soldiers to Europe. Subs - useless

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Red Baron

• Manfred von Richthofen
• The German Red Baron brought down 80 British
  and Allied pilots in WWI dogfights.
• He would typically dive from above to attack with
  the advantage of the sun behind him. Was not a
  great pilot but a great strategist.

German propaganda circulated various false
rumors, including that the British had raised
squadrons specially to hunt down Richthofen and
had offered large rewards and an automatic
Victoria Cross to any Allied pilot who shot him
down.
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zeppelins

• The Zeppelin, also known as a blimp, was an
  airship that was used during the early part of
  the war in bombing raids by the Germans. They
  carried machine guns and bombs. However, they
  were abandoned because they were easy to shoot
  out of the sky

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WWI ARTILLERY
British Mark IV HOWITZER 7.2 MM shell
German Paris Gun 118 foot long barrel could
shoot 25 MILES into the air / shelled Paris from
75 miles away via railroad
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World war I artillery
German Big Bertha Howitzer
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World war I machine guns
British Vickers Machine Gun 300 500 shots
per minute
German Machinegewhr 08 Gun developed
originally by Hiram Maxim an American born in
Maine
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World war I technology
British Tadpole Tank Mark IV pictured at
left is a MALE Tadpole Tank so named because of
its big gun in the tank turret a
At right German Panzer tank from WW1 invented
by the Australians
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World War I Rifle and pistol
US Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR) M1918
US Browning 1911 pistol
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Convoy system
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the western front - 1917

• German military commander Erich von Ludendorff
  announced that if Germany was to win the war then
  the Allies had to be defeated on the Western
  Front before the arrival of American troops.

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World War I

• Germanys Last Offensive- March 21, 1918- along
  the western front- American troops helped to stop
  this attack- On June 1 Americans and French
  troops blocked the German advance at the town of
  Chateau-Thierry.
• Battle Of Argonne Forest- Marshall Ferdinand
  Foch, Supreme Allied Commander- American troops
  drove the Germans back at Saint Mihiel.
• General John J. Pershing- attacked the Germans at
  Meuse River and the Argonne Forest American
  troops had shattered the German defenses.
  Introduction of the Browning Automatic Rifle
  (BAR).
• During this offensive the plight of THE LOST
  BATTALION occurred.

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Meuse-Argonne forest
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The Lost Battalion
The Lost Battalion had pushed through the German
lines. It had isolated itself (though it didnt
know it) because of the inability of its
comrades (French and American units). End result
Phone communication broke down / Carrier
Pigeons delivered coordinates to HQ that had been
written wrong FRIENDLY FIRE erupted! Finally
Cher-Ami delivered the correct coordinates even
though she was shot (lost an eye and a leg).
Americans were saved!
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Cher-Ami

• A WW I Carrier Pigeon (part of the Signal
  Corps) saved over 200 lives (the Lost Battalion)
• isolated by German forces during World War I
  after an American attack in the Argonne Forest in
  October 1918.

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Nearing the end of world war i

• By 1918 there were strikes and demonstrations in
  Berlin and other cities protesting about the
  effects of the war on the population. The British
  naval blockade of German ports meant that
  thousands of people were starving. Socialists
  were waiting for the chance to seize Germany as
  they had in Russia.
• In October 1918 Ludendorff resigned and the
  German navy mutinied. The end was near. Kaiser
  Wilhelm II abdicated on November 9th 1918.

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Ferdinand Foch

• Ferdinand Foch of France
• Supreme Allied Commander during World War I.
• Commander of all Allied forces.
• Big change coming in WWII Dwight D. Eisenhower
  (American) Commander of Allies

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World War I

• American Heroes- Alvin York- at the Battle of
  Argonne Forest- took a German fortified hill
  killed between 9-25 Germans. He received the
  medal of honor.
• Eddie Rickenbacker- commander of the 94th Aero
  Squadron- he fought in 134 air battles and shot
  down 26 aircraft- top American pilot. In one
  battle he single handedly fought 7 enemy
  aircraft.

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Eddie Rickenbacker
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World War I

• War Treaty of Versailles- 27 countries traveled
  to France. The Big Four were there
• President Wilson- United States
• British Prime Minister- David Lloyd George
• French Premier- Georges Clemenceau
• Italian Prime Minister- Vittorio Orlando
• Representatives from Russia were not invited. The
  Big Four held power and they dictated the peace
  treaty.

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THE BIG FOUR
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World War I

• Woodrow Wilson- Peace Plan- 14 Points
• His peace plan was based on 2 principles
• 1. National self-determination (self-government)
• 2. Collective Security (League of Nations)
• He believed that all peoples shall have justice.
  Wilson wanted to eliminate war through free
  trade, freedom of the seas, disarmament, and open
  diplomacy.
• The 14th POINT was his LEAGUE OF NATIONS- all
  nations would come together pledging respect and
  protection of open anothers territories. This he
  hoped would preserve peace.

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World War I

• The other leaders of the world wanted to punish
  the Germans. The Treaty of Versailles blamed
  Germany for the war. When Germany sign the
  agreement they acknowledged that they were guilty
  ( known as the War Guilt Clause). Germany was
  then responsible for
• A. Pay Reparations- monetary compensation to
  world countries. 33 billion . Germany had no
  money.
• B. No military Germany would have no military.
  The Big Four agreed to disarm Germany.
• C. Some of Germany was taken land- the country
  was split in two. By leaving a large number of
  Germans living outside Germany , the Treaty of
  Versailles led to many other problems.
• How was the Treaty of Versailles a major cause of
  World War II?

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Treaty of versailles

• General Clauses
• The establishment of the League of Nations
• War Guilt clause Germany to accept blame for
  starting the war.
• Financial Clauses
• Reparations Germany was to pay for the damage
  caused by the war. The figure of 6,600 million
  was set some time after the signing of the
  treaty.

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Treaty of Versailles

• Military Clauses
• Army was to be reduced to 100,000 men and no
  tanks were allowed
• Navy Germany was only allowed 6 ships and no
  submarines
• Airforce Germany was not allowed an airforce
• Rhineland The Rhineland area was to be kept
  free of German military personnel and weapons

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Treaty of Versailles

• Territorial Clauses
• Anschluss Germany was not allowed to unite with
  Austria.
• Land Germany lost land to a number of other
  countries. Alsace-Lorraine was returned to
  France, Eupen and Malmedy were given to Belgium,
  North Schleswig was given to Denmark. Land was
  also taken from Germany and given to
  Czechoslovakia and Poland. The League of Nations
  took control of Germanys colonies.

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World War I

• President Wilson was confident that the American
  people would be in favor of the League of
  Nations. Wilson needed 2/3 vote by the Senate to
  ratify the treaty- opposition of the Senate
  focused on the League of Nations- may cause
  entangling alliances
• To overcome Senate opposition (Henry Cabot Lodge
  of MASS) Wilson took his case to the people. On
  Sept. 25, 1919 Wilson collapsed from physical
  strain and had a stroke. The Senate refused to
  ratify the Treaty of Versailles.

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World War I

• After the war inflation led to strikes-
  factories laid off workers because the need for
  war materials/ weapons were now down. Strikes in
  the steel industry/ in Boston 75 of policemen
  walked off the job. Racial unrest was prevalent
  in cities like Detroit, MI / Chicago, IL / and
  East St. Louis, IL.
• In 1919 25 racial riots occurred African
  Americans could not find jobs- soldiers who came
  home from war found the job market was
  deteriorating.

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RED SCARE in America

• Because of all the unrest in America, the
  Department of Justice began to arrest and deport
  suspected anarchists, radical leftists, potential
  communists,
• RED SCARE- COMMUNISM REDS- government is
  afraid they might seize power. Bombings occurred
  8 bombs in 8 cities went off in 1919.
• Palmer (Attorney General of the US) issued Raids
  (teachers, actors, immigrants, anyone who was
  suspicious) -- formation of FBI mail bombs

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Bombing Red Scare
www.vintageperiods.com
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World War I

• 1920- RETURN TO NORMALCY- WARREN G. HARDING-
  PRESIDENT
• Hardings slogan struck a cord with voters and he
  won by a landslide- over 7 million votes.