World War II

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World War II
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• Germany is treated harshly at Paris Peace
  Conference. Became angry and vengeful.
• Conditions of the Treaty of Versailles
• 1. Return Alsace and Lorraine regions to France.
• 2. French allowed economic control of the
  Saarland. Industry.
• 3. Give territory to Poland
• 4. No military presence in Rhineland
• 5. Reduce military to 100,000 and no general
  staff

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• Europe is destroyed economically and financially
  after the war, gets desperate.
• Desperation leads to dictators
• 1. Mussolini in Italy
• 2. Hitler in Germany
• 3. Facismcombination of nationalism,
  social-Darwinism, racialism, anti-communism.
  Fear mongering
• Rise of Adolf Hitler
• 1. born in Austria
• 2. mother and father died very early

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• 3. fought bravely in World War I
• 4. became an expert on the Jewish question in
  the army after the war.
• Discovered his ability to grab people while
  speaking
• 5. aspiring artist
• 6. built the Nazi party into a viable regional
  party.
• 7. Beer Hall PutschMunich in 1923
• a. overthrow the government of Bavaria,
  then Berlin
• b. members of Bavarian government spoke in
  a pub

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• 8. Thrown in jail, wrote Mein Kampf, My
  Struggle
• a. undemocratic government
• b. strong military
• c. control of Europe
• d. cleanse Germany of non-Germans
• e. seek revenge for World War I
• 9. By 1930, Nazis are the second largest party
  in Germany. Grew because of Hitlers
  determination.
• 10. Won elections fair and square in 1932 and
  Hitler is appointed Chancellor. He moves
  quickly to take power.
• 11. Hitlers domestic agendadestroy the Weimar
  Republic and create dictatorial rule.

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• 12. To accomplish the agenda
• a. burned Reichstag and blamed it on the
  communists.
• b. used this and economic chaos to
  suspend the constitution and rule by decree.
• c. outlawed all political parties except
  Nazis.
• d. purged judiciary, education,
  bureaucracy, banned labor unions imposed
  censorship.
• e. Night of the Long KnivesHitler purged
  opposition parties and Nazis.

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• Aggression and Appeasement
• 1. Hitlers Foreign Policy Goals
• a. destroy Treaty of Versailles
• b. Expand Germany
• c. no one did anything about it.
• 2. Destroying the Treaty
• a. remilitarized Rhineland in 1936
• b. increased size of the military
• c. built weapons and military aircraft
• d. removed Germany from the League of
  Nations
• 3. Expanding Germany
• a. uses nationalism to justify Sudetens
  and Austrians are really belong in Germany.

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• b. Anschluss (German for annexation).
  Annexed Austria, welcomed by the Austrians.
• c. September 1938, Hitler wanted to annex
  the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia, which is 50
  German.
• -Czechs say no b/c of alliance with
  Great Britain and France.
• -Hitler threatened war, but wasnt
  strong enough
• d. MunichSeptember1938

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• -Neville Chamberlain says Hitler can be
  reasoned with
• -France and Great Britain cave, Hitler
  takes Sudetenland
• -Czechs not represented
• e. Could Hitler have been stopped at
  Munich? Czechs able to defend themselves.

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• Japanese Aggression in Asia
• 1. Japan interested in Chinese mainland since
  1800s.
• 2. Japan was expansionist in 1930s.
• 3. In 1931, Japan seized Manchuria by staging a
  railroad explosion.
• Manchuria was rich in natural resources.
• 4. China goes to the U.N
• a. Lytton Commission Japan not provoked,
  and didnt condemn the Manchuko puppet
  government.
• b. League does nothing, fails a big test

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• 5. Japan invaded China proper in 1937
• a. Rape of Nankingraped, stole, looted,
  executions
• b. as brutal as the Germans
• 6. Bogged down in China in 1941, looked to
  Southeast Asia for raw materials in 1941.
• 7. Assumed a protectorate over Indochina
• 8. FDR restricted oil imports to Japan and froze
  Japanese assets in the U.S., and merged armed
  forces in the Philippines.

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• 9. The legit Japanese government was
  ineffective Kwantung Army was responsible for
  aggression.
• Where was the U.S.?
• 1. Return to Normalcywanted little involvement
  in overseas affair.
• 2. Some involvement, but not much. Mostly
  isolation
• 3. Made disarmament agreements as a substitute
  for joining U.N.
• i.e. Washington Armaments Conference.
• 4. Became more isolated in 1930s to remove
  itself from a corrupt Europe.

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• 5. Neutrality Acts of 1935 and 1939. Allowed
  President to place embargoes on belligerent
  nations.
• 6. Became more involved by the end of the decade
  to help G.B. since they were the only democracy
  left.
• a. Cash and carry policytake cash and
  belligerents had to carry it or ship it.
• Tension between the U.S. and Japan
• 1. Japanese action in Manchurian and China
• 2. California wanted to ban Japanese immigrants
  in 1930s.
• 3. Wilson did not include a clause against
  racism at Paris.
• 4. Japanese upset with Washington Armaments
  Conference.

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• Beginning of the War in Europe
• Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
• 1. Josef Stalin was the dictator of the Soviet
  Union.
• a. lost faith in G.B. and France after
  Munich
• b. territorial interests in Poland and the
  Baltic
• Republics
• c. feared Hitler
• 2. Hitler
• a. feared alliance between Stalin and the
  democracies.
• 3. Terms
• a. agreed publicly not to attack each
  other.
• b. privately agreed to divide Eastern
  Europe after the war. Long term implications.

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• Hitler attacked Poland on September 1, 1939.
  Blitzkrieg, or Lightning War.
• Poland held on for two weeks, still a chance to
  stop Hitler had Britain and France gotten
  involved.
• By June 22, 1940, with the surrender of France,
  Hitler conquered most of Europe.
• Allowed the British to escape at Dunkirk.

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• Battle of Britain
• 1. September 1940
• 2. Hitler wanted to bomb Britain into
  submission.
• 3. British held on, inspired by Winston
  Churchill. Had ULTRA.
• First Nazi defeat, called off in December.

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• We shall defend our island whatever the cost may
  be we shall fight on beaches, landing grounds,
  in fields, in streets and on the hills. We shall
  never surrender and even if, which I do not for
  the moment believe, this island or a large part
  of it were subjugated and starving, then our
  empire beyond the seas, armed and guarded by the
  British Fleet, will carry on the struggle until
  in God's good time the New World with all its
  power and might, sets forth to the liberation and
  rescue of the Old."Winston Churchill

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• Operation Barbarossa
• 1. Hitler the Soviet Union
• 2. Hitler really didnt want to share Eastern
  Europe
• 3. Stalin taken by surprise
• a. didnt think Hitler dumb enough to
  start a two-front war.
• b. Didnt believe warnings of FDR and
  Churchill
• c. Russian Winter

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• 4. Invasion began on June 22, 1941, and achieve
  immediate success.
• 5. Attack failed because of Russian winter and
  they out-ran supplies.
• 6. Stalingrad
• a. most important battle of World War II
• b. Soviets counterattacked and won in Feb.
  1943.
• c. On to Berlin from here.
• 7. Hitler sealed his fate with this decision

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• Hitler declared war on U.S. Dec. 11, 1941.
• North Africa
• 1. Hitler came to the aid of Mussolini.
• 2. Two goals
• a. Suez Canal
• b. link up with German armies in Russia.
• 3. El-Alamein
• a. British driven out of Libya and halfway
  thru Egypt.
• b. British counterattacked October 23-24,
  1942.
• c. Germans now driven back across Africa.
• 4. Americans landed in Morocco in November of
  1942.
• a. Commanded by General Eisenhower,
  Operation Torch.
• 5. Allies linked up in Tunisia, Germans
  surrendered in May, 1943.

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• Casablanca ConferenceJanuary, 1943
• 1. Roosevelt and Churchill
• 2. Will only accept unconditional surrender
• Sicily CampaignJuly to September 1943.
• 1. Soft underbelly
• 2. Win Sicily, then invade Italian Peninsula.
  Stuck there until the end of the war. Too
  mountainous.
• TeheranDecember 1943
• 1. Big ThreeRoosevelt, Churchill, Stalin
• 2. Stalin wanted a second front, which is agreed
  to.
• 3. Disagreements emerge over post-war plans.

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• Operation Overlord/D-Day
• 1. Allied invasion of France
• Hitler realized an invasion by the Allies was
  serious. Shifted resources, but was
  overextended.
• Erwin Rommel put in command. Atlantic
  Wall.
• General Eisenhower commanded Allied
  forces.
• 3. Normandy beaches chosen as landing site.
  Germans convinced the site was Pas-de-Calais.
  Had to win at the beach.
• 4. Americans trained in Britain. Overpaid,
  oversexed, over here.

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• 5. Patton used as a decoy.
• 6. Andrew Higgins built LCVP. Man who won the
  war.
• Invasion set for June 5, 1944. Postponed until
  June 6 because of bad weather.
• Most important person was the weatherman.
  
• Decision to go at 300pm on June 5 by
  Eisenhower. O.k., lets go.
• 8. Largest amphibious assault in history
  175,000 men, 50,000 vehicles, 5,333 ships, and
  11,000 airplanes.
• 9. Omaha Beach. Steep cliffs
• 10. 4,900 casualties.

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• Operations Cobra and Market Garden. V-2 Missiles
• July 20, 1944, assassination attempt against
  Hitler. Klause von Stauffenberg.
• Battle of the Bulge
• Hitlers effort to break Allied Lines
• Siege of Bastogne.
• Hitler commits suicide on April 30, 1945.
  Germany surrenders May 8, 1945.
• Soviets take Berlin. Paused in Poland to allow
  Poles and Germans to watch them fight and kill
  each other.

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• Pacific Theater
• Entirely American operation
• Pearl Harbor
• Threatened by U.S. military activity
• Achieved surprise despite warnings
• Dec. 7, 1941, 755 am
• European First Strategyall supplies sent to
  Europe first. Limited number of men and
  material.
• Island Hoppingbypass strongly defended islands
  and cut off supplies. Avoid bloody battles.

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• Attack the Philippines on Dec. 8, 1941. Wiped
  out the air force there.
• 1. U.S. retreats to the Bataan Peninsula.
• 2. U.S. surrenders the Philippines on April 9,
  1942.
• Remaining U.S. soldiers marched off the
  Peninsula. Bataan Death March.
• 600-650 Americans
• 10-15,000 Filipinos.
• U.S. forces regroup in Australia. Key leaders
  are Douglas MacArthur and Chester Nimmitz.

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• Battle of the Coral SeaMay 1942
• 1. naval battle
• 2. first American success, not a clear victory,
  but Japanese forced to retreat.
• 3. prevented invasion of Australia
• Battle of MidwayJune 1942
• 1. Naval battlefirst American victory
• 2. Japanese lost several planes and ships.
• 3. Halted the Japanese offensive.

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• Milne Bay
• 1. on the island of New Guinea
• 2. first American ground success.
• Guadalcanal August 7, 1942
• 1. Japanese built airstrips for attacks on New
  Guinea
• 2. Marine operation
• 3. jungle fighting
• 4. fighting ended February 1943.
• Philippines
• 1. Attack or bypass?
• 2. Staging area for Formosa (Taiwan)

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• 3. October 20, 1944, U.S. attacked.
• Japanese knew that losing this meant loss of oil,
  etc. from East Indies. Sent three fleets.
• 5. Battle of Leyte Gulf
• a. largest naval in history
• b. Japanese navy finished
• c. emergence of the KamikazeDivine Wind
• 1944 Election
• 1. most people were sure FDR wouldnt survive
  another term.
• 2. sure of victory, needed to get rid of VP
  Henry Wallace.
• 3. Harry Truman nominated, from Missouri.
• 4. Truman had little contact with FDR.

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• Iwo JimaFebruary 1945
• 1. Landing strip for air raids on Japan.
• 2. Japanese fighting more fiercely since
• six week battle 20,000 casualties, 7,000 killed.
• OkinawaApril 1945
• 1. staging area for Japanese invasion.
• 2. Ended in June 140,000 Japanese dead. Last
  man.
• Manhattan Project
• 1. Einstein letter in 1939 potential for a
  destructive bomb, Germans working to develop it.

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• 2. Fission of uranium atoms. Enrico Fermi
• 3. First bomb tested on July 16, 1945 in New
  Mexico
• FDR dies April 12, 1945.
• Truman at Potsdam July-August. Approves use of
  the bomb
• August 6, 1945, an atomic bomb is dropped on
  Hiroshima. 80,000 dead. Second one dropped on
  Nagasaki on August 9. Japanese surrender on
  August 14. Signed September 2.

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• Decision to drop the bomb
• 1. Invasion of Japan1 million casualties.
• 2. Japanese fighting more fiercely closer to
  their homeland.
• 3. Alternatives
• a. naval blockade
• b. warn the Japanese about the weapon
• Arsenal of Democracy
• 1. Out-produced Axis
• a. supplying Allies in 1937 and 1938
• b. produced twice as much as Germans, 5
  times as much as Japanese.

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• 2. GNP
• 88.6 billion in 1935
• 198.7 billion in 1944
• 3. created 17 million jobs.