World War I

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World War IThe War to End All Wars1914 - 1918

• World Leaders (sp)
• Long Terms Causes
• Allies
• Triple Alliance/Central Powers
• Archduke Franz Ferdinand
• Immediate Cause of the War
• Schlieffen Plan (sp)
• Trench Warfare
• No Mans Land
• American Foreign Policy
• British Blockade
• German U-Boats
• Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
• Lusitania 5/7/1915
• 1916 Election
• Zimmerman Note
• Why the US Enters the War 4/6/1917

• Wilsons War Aim
• American Militarism
• Selective Service Act, 1917
• African American Troops
• Convoy System
• General John Pershing
• Conscientious Objector
• Germanys Collapse
• Cease Fire
• US Home Front
• Food Administration
• Victory Gardens
• War Bonds
• Committee of Public Information
• George Creel
• Anti-War

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• Espionage Sedition Act
• Schenk v. USA, 1919 (sp)
• Great Migration
• Women
• Wilsons Peace Plan
• League of Nations
• The Big Four
• Treaty of Versailles, 1919
• Terms
• Reparations
• War Guilt Clause
• Weaknesses of the Treaty (sp)
• Congress Rejects the Treaty
• League of Nations is Weak
• Post War Germany
• Isolationism

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Differing Viewpoints

• Family Feud
• Fall of the Eagles
• The War to End All Wars
• The War to Make the World Safe for
  Democracy

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World Leaders

• Woodrow Wilson President of the USA
• Kaiser Wilhelm II German leader
• President Poincare French leader
• Victor Emmanuel Leader of Italy
• King George V King of England
• Franz Josef Leader of Austria-Hungary
• Czar Nicholas II Czar of Russia
• Will be removed from power
• V. Lenin will be the leader of the Soviet Union

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World Leaders

• Germany
• Kaiser Wilhelm II
• England
• King George V
• Russia
• Beginning Czar Nicholas II
• End V. Lenin
• USA
• President Wilson

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Militarism Building up of militaries
Alliance System Taking Sides - secretly
MAIN Causes Long Term Causes of WWI
Imperialism Taking territories - colonies
Nationalism Pride in ones nation National pride
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Immediate Cause of WWIThe Spark

• The Balkans were annexed by Austria-Hungary in
  1908
• The Balkans known as the Powder Keg of Europe
• Serbia encouraging rejection of their reign
• Resentful of A-H
• To drum up support for the A-H Empire, Archduke
  Franz Ferdinand, heir to the A-H throne, visited
  the area
• Assassinated by Gavrilo Principe

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The Assassin
GavriloPrincip
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1,2,3,4Lets Declare War!!

• July 28, 1914
• Expansive alliance system brought many countries
  into war
• 7/28/14 A-H declares war on Serbia (a quick
  little war)
• Russia declares war of A-H 7/29/14, protecting
  the Serbs (allies)
• Germany declares war of Russia 8/1/14, France
  the next day
• Great Britain declares war on A-H Germany to
  help their allies Frenchy
• Within days, all of central Europe has been
  brought into war
• The war has begun!

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Teams

• Allies The Good Guys
• France, Great Britain, Russia
• Later the US in, Russia out due to Revolution
• Triple Alliance
• AKA The Central Powers The Bad Guys
• Germany, Austria-Hungary the Ottoman Empire

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1916 Election

• Democrat Woodrow Wilson wins the election
• His campaign slogan was He Kept Us Out of War
• Ran against Charles Hughes who did not want to
  treat Germany as harsh as most Americans want to

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1917 US Gets Involved April 6, 1917 The US
enters the war on the side of the Allies
1914 WWI Begins The US remains Neutral, but
still trades with both sides
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Reasons the US Got Involved in WWI

• England blockaded Germanys coastline
• US supplies rarely made it to their destination
• Causes fertilizer food shortages 750,000
  Germans will die as a result of the blockade!
• Unrestricted Submarine Warfare Aggressive
  German tactics U-Boats attacked sank many
  ships
• U-Boats German subs
• Harsh b/c no way to warn the crew, exploited by
  the Yellow Press
• Germany will be seen as the bully of Europe as
  a result of this practice

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Zimmerman Note

• German Telegram to the ambassador to Mexico
• Suggested a German-Mexican Alliance if the US
  gets involved in the war
• Germany promises Mexico the return of all land
  lost during the Mexican-American War!
• Germany wants Mexico to attack the US from the
  south west

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US Enters the War 4/6/1917

• Aggressive German tactics (unrestricted submarine
  warfare)
• Zimmerman Note
• Russia pulls out of war in 1917
• After Russian Revolution, Russia leaves the war
  leaves the Allies weak!
• Wilsons (US) War Aim Make the World Safe for
  Democracy

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Schlieffen Plan

• German plan of attack
• Named after Count Alfred von Schlieffen
• 2 part plan
• Holding pattern against Russia
• Attack France via Belgium
• Created 2 theaters of war
• Western Front Eastern Front

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Trench Warfare

• Trenches were dug to house fighting soldiers
• Stretched across the European countryside
• Very bloody warfare over yards of land
• During the battle of the Somme, the British lost
  60,000!
• Inconclusive warfare due to stalemates
• No Mans Land Area between opposing trenches
• Craters, mines you did not want to be there!

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Trench Warfare
No Mans Land
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U-Boats

• German submarines

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Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

• German U-Boats will sink (did sink) any ship in
  British waters

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U-Boats
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Lusitania

• British liner sunk by German U-Boats
• 128 Americans died
• Seen as organized murder
• Public opinion of Germany is negative
• Germany defends itself by claiming their were
  munitions hidden aboard
• Long Term Cause for American entry into the war
• After the discovery of the downed ship, it was
  learned there were munitions hidden aboard, as
  Germany claimed!

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The Sinking of the Lusitania
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Unrestricted submarine warfare

• Jan. 31, 1917 Germany announces to the world
  that their submarines would sink any ship found
  in the waters around Britain.

• The Housatonic - Feb. 3, 1917 US cargo ship
  torpedoed sunk without warning

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American Militarism

• When war was declared, only 200,000 men in
  military, 55 planes 130 pilots
• Very outdated weapons!
• Massive build up of US armed forces
• Trained with pretend weapons due to shortage
• Selective Service Act, 1917 Draft
• Over 10,000 registered
• Average age of European soldier is 22

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African Americans

• Large numbers joined the military
• Prove their worth (as if they had to)
• Served in segregated units
• 1st African American military officers
• 389th Infantry Regiment (Harlem Hellfighters)
  Saw the most frontline combat
• Henry Johnson Needham Roberts received the
  highest French military honor Croix de Cuerre
  (Cross of War)
• Not even recognized by the US Progressive
  Presidents did squat for African Americans!

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Convoy System

• Conceived by British Admiral William Sims
• Merchants ships would travel in a group of
  military ships for protection from German U-Boats
• Ships loss down 50
• Germans will start using sea mines
• Barrier of mines across the North Sea
• Still some floating around today!

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The Convoy System

• Merchant vessels and warships traveling together
  in great numbers for safety

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General John Pershing

• Leader of US troops in Europe
• US troops were being used as replacements were
  told to fight under the flag of another country!
• American troops were often called doughboys
  because of their uniforms
• Insisted US fight under own flag
• I will not parcel out our American boys!
• Wanted to make sure the US had a strong voice at
  the peace talks when the war ended

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Americans in the Trenches
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New Weapons

• WWI is the 1st mechanized war (using modern
  machines equipment)
• Contributed to the high casualty rate

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New Weapons

• Reliance on machines with diesel gas powered
  engines
• Mechanized warfare
• Big Bertha, German cannon launching 1,800 lb
  shells 9 miles
• Machine guns 600 rounds/minute
• Poison Gas Mustard Gas
• Leads to the invention of the gas masks

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Krupps Big Bertha Gun
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French Renault Tank
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British Tank at Ypres
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The Airplane
Squadron Over the BrentaMax Edler von Poosch,
1917
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Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant
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Medic!!

• Trenches full of diseases Dysentery
• Lice, rats, sewage corpses
• Trench Foot Feet would rot due to wet
  conditions
• Shell Shock Emotional collapse

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• Ypres
• The 1st use of poison gas in wartime (used by the
  Germans first)

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War Is HELL !!
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Turning Point of WWI

• US entry into WWI is the turning point
• We provided fresh soldiers, economic military
  aid, war goods by increasing industrial
  production
• Mutiny among German soldiers
• Citizens in Berlin rebel, declared Republic of
  Germany
• Kaiser abdicated the throne
• Stepped down
• There is no decisive battle
• German war machine economy run out of steam
• War of attrition

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Cease Fire

• Germany agreed to a cease fire on Nov. 11, 1918
• Ends the fighting
• 11th hour, of the 11th day of the 11th month

Celebration in the streets of Paris
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11 a.m., November 11, 1918
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Toll of War

• 30 nations involved
• Bloodiest war to date
• 37.5 million casualties
• 50 due to disease starvation
• Just over ½ of all men didnt return home
• USA suffered 364,000 casualties
• 10 million refugees
• Cost 186 billion

US troops burying American Soldiers in France
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Toll of War
Russian Soldier
Belgian Refugees
French Cemetery at Verdun
European Ruins
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World War I Casualties
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14 Points

• Wilsons peace plan created before was ended
• 1st 5 points dealt with the long term causes of
  WWI
• Militarism
• Alliances
• Imperialism
• Nationalism
• Made boundary changes in Europe
• League of Nations the 14th Point
• Creation of an International Peacekeeping
  Organization
• Addressing diplomatic issues that could bring
  about war

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Treaty of Versailles 1919

• Official end to WWI
• Created 9 new European countries
• Many boundary changes different nationalities
  now mixed together
• The Big 4 attended Italy, France, USA,
  Great Britain
• Terms of the Treaty
• Polish Corridor created
• Germany lost valuable sea port to the new country
  of Poland
• Demilitarized Germany cant raise an army
• Reparations Germany must pay Allies war damages
• War Guilt Clause Germany had to take full
  responsibility for the war

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Weaknesses of the Treaty

• Germany humiliated Other European countries
  provoked the war too
• Ignored the Soviet Union the Bolsheviks
  Fought for 3 years highest casualty rate lost
  the most land, which they were determined to
  regain
• Germany stripped of it Pacific colonies to repay
  debt
• Ignored problems of SE Asia (Vietnam)

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Congress Rejects the Treaty

• Congress rejected the Treaty of Versailles
• Afraid the League of Nations would drag us into
  another European war
• Wilson fails to empathize with European anger
• Too easy on Germany
• Wilson gave up the 14 Points to get the League of
  Nations

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Weak League of Nations

• The US never joined the League of Nations or
  ratified the Treaty
• Senator Henry Cabbot Lodge led vote against
  League of Nations Treaty
• The League had no muscle power
• US signed separate treaty with Germany in 1921

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Treaty weaknesses will cause problems in the
future!!

• Escalates to the Cold War between the USA
  USSR
• - Increases distrust/tensions between the
  2 countries

USSR not involved

• Germany cant repay war debts goes into a
  severe
• economic depression
• - Leads to the rise of Hitler
• - promised Germany a way out of
  the
• depression
• - promised to restore Germanys
  proud name
• reunite the German people
• - raised an army

Issues with Germany

• Escalates to the Vietnam War, in which
  Vietnam fights
• to gain independence from France
• - The US steps in gets bogged down in
  war

Ignored problems in Vietnam
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Germany After the War

• Media strictly censored
• 1923 depression loss of jobs worthless money
  was used for heat
• Germany blamed its hardships on the Jews other
  undesirables
• Used as a scapegoat
• Hitler blames the Jews the Weimer Republic
• Govt. was a very weak republic
• Hitler won control of Germany started new
  militaristic practices

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Americas Home Front

• Wilson controls the economy
• Mobilizing the economy to produce goods for the
  war
• Govt. Controls The Govt. controlled what was
  being made
• Limited production to war machines
• Skirts heels shorter
• Gasless Sundays Lightless Nights
• Day Light Savings Adopted

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Paying for War

• 33 billion toward the war effort
• 1/3 raised through taxes!
• War Bonds Raise money for war effort
• Liberty Bonds
• After war, get your back, plus interest ?
• Only a friend of Germany would refuse to buy them!

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Food Administration

• Asked people to conserve food
• No rationing in WWI
• Meatless, Wheatless, Sweetless porkless days
• Gospel of the Clean Plate
• Food shipments to the Allies tripled
• Victory Gardens Home gardens
• Farmers producing more
• Food shipment to the Allies tripled

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Committee of Public Information

• Propaganda agency to boost support for the war
• George Creel Head of the CPI
• Former muckraker
• How War Came to America printed in many
  different languages
• Explained Wilsons war aim
• 4-Minute Men Trained to deliver a patriotic
  propaganda speech at any given time
• Draft, war, gardens
• 7.5 million speeches during the war

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Have You a Red Cross Service Flag?
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Anti-German Fever

• German immigrants tarred feathered
• No Mozart or Bach
• German language not taught, books removed from
  libraries
• German Measles Liberty Measles
• Sauerkraut Liberty Cabbage
• Hamburger Liberty Sandwich
• Daschunds Liberty Pups

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Womens Work

• Taking the place of men in society
• Cab drivers, brick layers, RxR workers, making
  weapons, police, farming, etc.
• Red Cross encouraged sales of war bonds victory
  gardens
• Wilson formally recognized their efforts after
  the war (19th Amend.)
• Nurses 1918 Flu epidemic
• 500,000 dead in US

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The Great Migration

• African Americans moved to Northern cities
• Hoping to avoid racial discrimination
• Promised higher paying better jobs
• Cotton crop had been ruined
• Ford opened his plant to African Americans
• 1st to do so
• More job opportunities because less immigrants
• Lived in crowded urban neighborhoods
• Black owned businesses catered to the African
  American community

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Espionage Sedition Acts

• June 1917
• Illegal (unpatriotic) to interfere with the war
  effort
• Ex draft, sale of war bonds, or speak
  negatively about US leaders
• Violated the 1st Amendment!
• Since we dont like immigrants, it gives us a
  reason to deport
• Schenk v. USA, 1919
• Richard Schenk encouraged people to avoid the
  draft - arrested
• Set limits on freedom of speech
• Clear Present Danger Speech that puts the US
  in danger
• Chief Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes

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Women Making Munitions
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Isolationism

• Not getting involved in foreign disputes
• American foreign policy after WWI

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Bibliography

• www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWW.htm
• www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/wwone.index.shtml
• www.firstworldwar.com