World War I

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World War I

• 1914-1918

  This is a war to end all wars. -American
President Woodrow Wilson
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Introduction

• Originally called The Great War
• 8.5 Million Dead, More Than 17 Million Wounded.
• The war to end all wars
• First major war since 1815.
• Unlike World War II, no clear-cut lines of good
  and evil.
• Until World War II, the worlds most destructive
  conflict.
• The Industrial Revolution meets warfare.
• Total War
• Set the pattern for the 20th century.

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Underlying Causes of WWI

• Imperialism
• -Creates intense competition
• Nationalism
• -National patriotism
• - Pan-Slavism was a movement in the mid 19th
  century aimed at unity of all the Slavic people.
  The main focus was in the Balkans where Southern
  Slavs had been ruled over by the two great
  empires, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire.
  The Slavic peoples are a linguistic and ethnic
  branch of Indo-European peoples.
• Entangling Alliance System
• Militarism

4
1914

• The Immediate Cause of World War I

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Immediate Cause of World War I

• Sarajevo, Bosnia
• June 28, 1914
• Archduke Franz Ferdinand
• Gavrilo Princip
• Black Hand Society
• The July Crisis Austro-Hungary gives Serbia an
  ultimatum

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World War IAlliances

• Allied Powers
• Great Britain
• France
• Russia
• Japan (1914)
• Italy (1915)
• USA (1917)

• Central Powers
• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Turkey (1914)
• Bulgaria (1915)

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August 1914

• Germany faced with a two-front war
• Must quickly eliminate France, then face Russia
• The Schlieffen Plan
• Swift attack through neutral Belgium
• Sweep around Paris from the north, encircle the
  city
• Shift forces to the east to deal with Russia

The Schlieffen Plan
World War One Video
Sequence of the Start of WWI
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New Kind Of War
Technology Changes Warfare
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Poison Gas
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Tanks
British Mark I
Crossing a Trench
Stuck in a Trench
French Renault Light Tank
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Aerial Warfare
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A German U-boat
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Cannon
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Field Artillery Gun
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Trench Warfare
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Soldiers in Caves
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Soldiers in Trenches
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No Mans Land
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Total War

• Total War war fought both on the battlefield and
  at home
• Draft men for war.
• Raise taxes and borrow money for war.
• Ration supplies and goods at home to save some
  for the troops.
• Use the press and print to spread propaganda- the
  spreading of ideas to promote a cause or damage
  an opposing cause.
• Allow women to fill the jobs that were left empty
  by the men fighting in the war.

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1917

• The Fateful Year

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The United States and World War I

• Isolationist tradition
• Wilson declares USA neutral in European war
• Wilson calls for peace without victory
• US banks loan European countries money

President Woodrow Wilson
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The Sinking of the Lusitania

• May 7, 1915
• British passenger liner
• Sunk by German U-boat
• 1,200 lives lost
• 128 Americans dead
• Pushed USA closer to War

The Lusitania
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Germany Announces Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

• January 31, 1917
• Germans promise to sink any ship that enters the
  war zone
• Cut off supplies to Britain France
• Force Allied surrender
• US merchant ships sunk

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The Zimmerman TelegramFebruary 28, 1917

• British intelligence intercepted German telegram
  to Mexico
• Germans promised Mexico territory lost to USA in
  Mexican War (1846-48)
• Mexico did not take the telegram seriously
• The USA, however, did
• April 6, 1917 USA declared war on Germany

The Zimmerman Telegram
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Treaty of Brest-LitovskMarch 3, 1918

• Bolsheviks signed a separate peace with Germany
• Germany now free to shift troops to the Western
  Front
• Treaty took Russia out of the war.

Signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
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Turning Points of the War

• Entry of the United States in 1917 on the Western
  Front.
• Russian withdrawal because of the start of the
  Russian Revolution.

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Germanys Desperate Situation

• Russia out of the war, but fresh American troops
  on the Western Front
• Austria-Hungary and Turkey almost knocked out of
  the war
• Food shortages in Germany
• Numerous strikes in major cities
• 500,000 workers on strike in Berlin (January)
• Increasing inflation
• November 11, 1918 armistice signed, ending
  World War I.

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The Fourteen Points

• January 8, 1918
• Peace proposal
• Encourage Allies and Central Powers to end the
  war
• Some points were contrary to secret agreements
  made among the Allies

President Woodrow Wilson
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The Fourteen Points

• 8 Points dealt with territorial matters
• Open, rather than secret, diplomacy
• Freedom of the seas
• General disarmament
• Removal of trade barriers
• The establishment of a League of Nations.most
  important

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Human and Economic Losses

• 8.5 Million People Died
• 17 Million People are Wounded.
• Famine and Disease spread through many regions.
• Factories, farms, and homes are destroyed.
• Nations had huge war debts to pay.
• Total of all Costs 186,333,637,000
• The Allies, bitter at the destruction, insisted
  that the Central Powers (especially Germany) make
  payments for war damage they caused. These
  payments were called REPARATIONS

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Consequences of World War I

• Four empires destroyed
• German Empire
• Austro-Hungarian Empire
• Ottoman Empire
• Russian Empire
• Economic devastation
• Projection of the U.S. into world affairs
• Russian Revolution and the rise of the Soviet
  Union
• Rise of Mussolini Fascism in Italy
• Rise of Hitler and Nazism in Germany