Menn 3

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Menn 3
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Why are speech errors interesting?
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Why are speech errors interesting?

• They give insight into mental processing
• More insight than looking at the brain

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What are slips of the tongue?
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What are slips of the tongue?

• Are the errors of aphasics slips of the tongue?
• Who makes them then?
• How often?
• Is not completing a sentence a slip of the tongue

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What are slips of the tongue?

• If you recorded everything you said in a day how
  many would you find?

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What are slips of the tongue?

• If you recorded everything you said in a day how
  many would you find?
• Famous people get recorded a lot
• They make lots of errors
• Is this representative of regular Joes?

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Barak Obama

• I've travelled to almost all of the 57 states.
• Why did he say this?
• Lets not play games, Obama stated. What I was
  suggesting youre absolutely right that John
  McCain has not talked about my Muslim faith. And
  youre absolutely right that that has not come.
• Stephanopoulos immediately interrupted Obama,
  stating, Christian faith.
• My Christian faith, Obama quickly said. Well,
  what Im saying is that he (McCain) hasnt
  suggested that Im a Muslim.
• What happened here?

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Mitt Romney

• Mitt Romney made an unfortunate slip of the
  tongue during a fundraiser Tuesday, when he
  mistakenly said "sheik" instead of "Sikh" while
  commenting on the tragic shooting in Wisconsin.
• Why did he do this?

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What is a tip of the tongue state?
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What is a tip of the tongue state?

• Characteristics of word available but not word
• letters in word
• sounds in word
• words with similar meaning
• context the word is used in

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What is a mondegreen
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What is a mondegreen

• Misparsing the string of sounds
• Lady Mondegreen laid 'im on the green
• Surely Good Mrs. Murphy shall follow me all the
  days of my life Surely goodness and mercy shall
  . . .
• Olive, the other reindeer all of the other
  reindeer
• Burning all the strings of Hell along Burning
  out his fuse up here alone

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What is a mondegreen

• Misparsing the string of sounds
• you've got mud on your face, front disc brakes
  a big disgrace
• police have a dog feliz navidad
• the girl with colitis goes by kaleidoscope eyes
• and there's a wino down the road. I should have
  stolen Oreos. and as we wind on down the road,
  our shadow's taller than our souls

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What is a malapropism?
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What is a malapropism?

• Getting two similarly pronounced words confused
• The speaker usually doesn't recognize the error
  as an error

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What is a malapropism?

• Getting two similarly pronounced words confused
• The speaker usually doesn't recognize the error
  as an error
• For all intensive purposes lt for all intents and
  purposes
• the windshield effect lt the wind chill effect
• antidotes lt anecdotes
• The United States has a huge aerosol of nuclear
  weapons that act as a detergent against attack
  from our enemies.
• The angry wife took back her cheating husband -
  on one contrition - that he cut off all contracts
  with other women.
• Patience is a virgin

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Common malapropisms

• chronological liar

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Common malapropisms

• chronological liar
• mute point

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Common malapropisms

• chronological liar
• mute point
• irregardless
• extra century perception
• a wolf in cheap clothing
• a pigment of his imagination
• he was held hostile
• a woman of great statue
• the bondage between mother and child

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Common malapropisms

• chronological liar
• mute point
• irregardless
• supposably
• Where do they come from?
• What did Freud think about them?

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• Woman in Spain to missionaries Soy catolica,
  apostolica, protestante
• I'm an apostolic, Roman protestant

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What speakers are not normal?
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What speakers are not normal?

• Kids still learning language

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What speakers are not normal?

• Kids still learning language
• Adults still learning second language

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What speakers are not normal?

• Kids still learning language
• Adults still learning second language
• People with language problems-impediments,
  dyslexia, aphasia, apraxia
• People with bad hearing

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Process of speaking

• Message level-deciding what to say

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Process of speaking

• Message level-deciding what to say
• Functional level-finding words to say it

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Process of speaking

• Message level-deciding what to say
• Functional level-finding words to say it
• Positional level-getting the words together in
  sentences

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Process of speaking

• Message level-deciding what to say
• Functional level-finding words to say it
• Positional level-getting the words into sentences
• Phonological encoding level-getting the sounds to
  say the words

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Process of speaking

• Message level-deciding what to say
• Functional level-finding words to say it
• Positional level-getting the words into sentences
• Phonological encoding level-getting the sounds to
  say the words
• Speech gesture level-getting words into physical
  speech

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Message level

• Concept of message without words
• What the story line is
• Who did what to who/what
• Pragmatic information used
• Information about semantic roles of concepts and
  lemmas passed on to functional level

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Message level

• Pragmatics
• How speech is related to context
• Who are you talking to?
• How much time do you have to say it?
• What is the current conversation about?
• What was just said by the other person?
• What did you just say?
• How do you want the person to react?
• What are your beliefs and those of the other
  person?

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Message level

• Pragmatics
• Meaning doesn't exist outside of a context
• What does You have a green light mean?
• It could mean that you have green ambient
  lighting.
• It could mean that you have a green light
  while driving your car.
• It could mean that you can go ahead with the
  project.
• It could mean that your body has a green
  glow.
• It could mean that you possess a light bulb
  that is tinted green

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Message level

• Pragmatics
• Sentences with same meaning but different context
• Excuse me sir, do you have a pen?
• Excuse me sir, have you a pen?
• Could I borrow a pen?
• Could you lend me your pen?
• Can I use your pen?
• Give me your pen.
• Gotta pen?
• Yo, dude, gotta pen?
• Pen?
• Pen!

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Message level

• Pragmatics
• Who would have problems with the pragmatic
  aspects of speech?

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Message level

• Pragmatics
• Who would have problems with the pragmatic
  aspects of speech?
• People from different culture
• Different language may be problem
• Different culture (UK vs. Australia)

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Message level

• Pragmatics
• Who would have problems with the pragmatic
  aspects of speech?
• People from different culture
• Different language may be problem
• Different culture (UK vs. Australia)
• People with poor social skills
• Aspergers, austism, aphasia
• Temple Grandin-Autism
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v1qPFAT4p8Lc

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• Speech and the brain

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Process of speaking

• Message level-deciding what to say
• Functional level-finding words to say it
• Positional level-getting the words into sentences
• Phonological encoding level-getting the sounds to
  say the words
• Speech gesture level-getting words into physical
  speech

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Functional level

• Concept vs. meaning
• Picture yourself flying without a plane through
  the clouds and looking down on what you see on
  the ground
• Can you do it without words? You are using
  concepts
• When you add words then meaning is important

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Functional level

• Lemma
• Meaning of word
• You can have meaning in your head but not
  phonetic form (tip of tongue) so meaning is
  separate from phonetic form

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Functional level

• Lemma
• Lemmas have many phonetic forms
• walks, walking, walked, walk
• Lemma for CAR could include
• car, cars, red one, it, that one

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Functional level

• Lemma
• Lemmas have many phonetic forms
• walks, walking, walked, walk
• Lemma for CAR could include
• car, cars, red one, it, that one
• Lemmas include information about part of speech,
  frequency, things it co-occurs with, emotions
  attached to it, motor plan for pronouncing it,
  memories associated with it, opposites

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Functional level

• Activation
• concept gt lemma gt things linked to lemma gt
  phonetic/motor make up of lemma

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Functional level

• Categorization is central human cognitive
  ability
• many speech errors involve substitution between
  things in same category
• names of siblings
• opposites
• animals (farm, wild, domestic, dangerous, cute)
• (Silvia) So are you going to hang out with your
  wife this weekend?
• (Dave) Are you crazy. She's the last person I
  want to be with.
• (Silvia) Mike, will you just stop!

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Functional level

• Going from concepts in message level to lemmas
  in functional level involves activations of
  lemmas.
• Activation of lemmas also activates closely
  associated lemmas
• This causes substitution errors

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• Blends show retrieval of two words at same time
• regardless irrespective irregardless
• person people perple
• coup boon coon
• Shes (Condoleezza Rice) got the patent resumé of
  somebody that has serious skill. She loves
  football, shes African-American, which would be
  kind of a big coon. A big boon. Oh my God I
  totally, totally, totally, totally am sorry for
  that. I didnt mean that.

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Semantic function

• Function is not part of speech
• Noun, adjective, determiner, verb, conjunction
• Function is not grammatical function
• Johnsubject painted the houseobject
• The housesubject was painted by Johnobject of
  prep.
• Function is what semantic role the words plays
  in sentence
• Johnagent painted the houseundergoer
• The houseundergoer was painted by Johnagent

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Semantic function

• At message level you envision John painting the
  house
• At functional level you choose lemmas for John,
  paint, and house
• You also assign part of speech to lemmas, and
  semantic roles to lemmas
• Things associated with lemmas are activated
• Still no sentences or phonetics assigned to words

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Where is language?
Mainly left hemisphere
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How do we know it's in the left?

• Autopsies of aphasics
• Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
• Using magnetic pulses to temporarily disrupt
  brain function
• Video

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How do we know it's in the left?

• Wada test
• Temporarily disable one hemisphere with injection

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How do we know it's in the left?

• Dichotic listening
• present different words to each ear at same time

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How do we know it's in the left?

• Either A or B shown to left eye (right
  hemisphere)
• A-The boy kisses the girl
• B-The girl kisses the boy
• A-The girl is drinking
• B-The girl will drink
• A-The dog jumps over the fence
• B-The dogs jump over the fence

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How do we know it's in the left?

• Either A or B shown to left eye (right
  hemisphere)
• A-The boy kisses the girl
• B-The girl kisses the boy
• A-The girl is drinking
• B-The girl will drink
• A-The dog jumps over the fence
• B-The dogs jump over the fence
• Subjects had to choose picture of the sentence
  they saw. They couldnt distinguish A from B

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How do we know it's in the left?

• Either A or B shown to left eye (right
  hemisphere)
• A-The boy kisses the girl
• B-The girl kisses the boy
• A-The girl is drinking
• B-The girl will drink
• A-The dog jumps over the fence
• B-The dogs jump over the fence
• Subjects had to choose picture of the sentence
  they saw. They couldnt distinguish A from B
• What does this mean?

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How do we know it's in the left?

• Measure brain activation with MRI
• This is your brain listening to words

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How do we know it's in the left?

• Measure brain activation with MRI
• This is your brain producing verbs

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How do we know it's in the left?

• Split brain patients
• Done to treat severe epilepsy

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Is it in the left for everyone?

• It depends on which hand is dominant
• of people with left or right hemisphere
  language

Lang. in left Lang. in right
Right handed 95 5
Left handed 70 30
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Is it all in the left?

• LEFT Understanding meaning, speaking
• RIGHT tone of voice, prosody, inflection,
  emotion, humor, metaphor