WORLD WAR I

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WORLD WAR I

• War to End All Wars

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The Great War

• Over 20 million killed
• Total War
• The War to End All Wars

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The Background

• Great Britain- Queen Victoria 1837-1901stability,
  nationalism
• Revolutions of 1848 France, Germany, Italy,
  central Europe- seeking more rights removal of
  the old order

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Crimean War 1853

• Ottoman empire is declining in power
• Russians want Crimean territory on the Black Sea
  for access to Med. Sea TRADE NAVAL Power!
• Russia invades Crimean territory
• France Britain help Ottomans
• Russia looses, hates Austria for not helping
  them worry they are falling behind the rest of
  Europe.

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Crimean Territory
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Instability Unrest in Russia

• Humiliated by defeat Tsar Alexander I makes
  reforms (changes)
• Emancipates (free) the Surfs
• Makes land reforms
• Begins to industrialize
• Nationalism grows!

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More Background

• 1861 Garibaldi unites Italy pushing out Austrian
  rule
• Italians gain Rome after Franco-Prussian war

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Giuseppe Garibaldi- Italy
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Otto Von Bismark German Unification

• 1849- Germany small states under various rulers

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German states 1700s 1800s
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German Unficiation Bismark

• King William I of Prussia expanding military,
  needs taxes, legis. Says no , hires new Prime
  Minister
• Otto Von Bismark- ignored legislature focused
  on increasing Prussian Power/territory
  influencing German states

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Franco-Prussian War 1870

• Disagree over candidate for Spains throne
• Bismark manipulates situation to create tension
  w/ France
• Results Napoleon III captured, France pays 5
  billion francs to Prussia gives up Alsace
  Lorraine territory France ?
• Leads to Unification!

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Germany Unites!1871

• William I of Prussia crowned 1st Kaiser or
  Emperor of Germany
• Prussian tradition of military lives on!
• By 1890- Kaiser Wilhelm II in power, Bismarck
  forced to resign

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Austrian Empire mid 1800s 1900s

• Major problem to many different ethnic groups
  under 1 rule/crown

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Causes of WWI

• Nationalism
• Imperialism
• Militarism
• Alliance system

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Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71

• Napoleon III
• Treaty of Versailles 1871
• Alsace-Lorraine
• Second Reich
• Kaiser Wilhelm I
• Chancellor Bismarck

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Alliances Bismarcks fears

• War on Two Fronts
• Dual Alliance Germany Austria
• 1882 Triple Alliance
• Russian Accords
• Britain

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1888

• Kaiser Wilhelm I, Frederick Wilhelm I, Wilhelm II
• Fires Bismarck in 1890

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The Alliances

• Two alliances-
• Triple Alliance Germany, Austria-Hungary,
  Italy
• Triple Entente G.B, Russia, France
• Powder Keg

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Crisis

• 1894 Dreyfus Affair
• Moroccan Crisis 1905 and 1911
• Balkans War 1909-11

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Crisis in the Balkans

• Sick man of Europe
• Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina
• Austria-Hungary- Franz Joseph
• Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand and Sophie
• June 28, 1914

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The Black Hand

• What was it?
• Who is Gavrilo Princip?

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The Worst Wrong Turn

• Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand and Sophie
• June 28, 1914

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The Spark

• June 28, 1914 Sarajevo
• Emperor Franz Joseph
• Austrian Ultimatum
• July28, 1914 Austria declares war

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Tensions rising

• Willy/Nicky letters
• Mobilisation
• Schleff

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Britain Enters

• August 4, 1914
• Belgium
• BEF
• The US?

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The First Battle of the Marne

• What stops the Germans?
• Taxicab Army
• Sept 1914

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1914 -1915

• 1914 Sept. stalemate on Western front begins _at_
  battle of the Marne
• August Tannenberg, Germ. East front, Russian
  defeat BUT helped BEF Fr _at_ the Marne by German
  need to move troops to East
• 1915
• Zeppelin raids on London
• German blockade of Britian (U-boats)
• April Battle of Ypres, Belgium- chlorine gas
  used
• April Dec. Gallipoli landing in Turkey costs
  Allies big time!

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1915

• U.S. remains neutral
• May 7 Germans sink Lusitania
• Italians switch sides!
• Western front stalemate trench warfare

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Western Front

• New Weapons-
• Stalemate
• War of attrition
• Trench Warfare- No Mans Land

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Trench warfare

• 500 miles Switzerland to the North Sea
• Conditions in the Trenches
• Ratsmillions of them
• Over the top

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The Commanders

• France- Joffre, Petain, Foch
• Britain-Haig
• Germany- Hindenberg and Ludendorff

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The Middle East

• Lawrence of Arabia
• Gallipoli- 1915- Winston Churchill

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The Atlantic

• U-boats
• Unrestricted Submarine warfare
• Lusitania

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US Enters the War 1917

• Unrestricted Submarine Warfare Policy
• The Lusitania
• March Zimmerman Note

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April 1917 U.S. Declares War

• Total War boosts econ. (see questions 11 13)
• Bonds
• Propaganda

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Russia drops Out

• Nov 1917 Communist Revolution
• Lenin
• Brest-Litovsk Treaty

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Turning points

• July Nov. 1917 3rd Ypres (Passchendaele)
• Allowed Allies an adv. to attack Germ. Occupied
  Belgian ports
• deaths disputed but massive!!
• July Aug. 1918 2nd Marne- last maj. German
  offensive Allied Vic. Head for Germany

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Nov. 1918

• 9th Defeated- Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates
  throne
• 11th _at_ 1100 Germany surrenders

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Peace settlements Treaty of Versailles

• Wilsons 14 points include reduce arms, ensure
  self-determination, a general association of
  nations League of Nations
• G.B.s David Lloyd George wanted to make Germany
  pay
• Frances Clemenceau security revenge
• The Guilt Clause art. 231
• war reparations

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Peace continued

• De-militarized Rhineland
• Alsace Loraine to France
• New Nations
• Western nations in Mid-East
• Fr. Over Lebanon Syria
• G.B. over Iraq Palestine

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New Maps

• Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Turkey,
  Palestine, Iraq, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon

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Results

• Set up for the rise of Hitler
• Set up World War II
• 20 million killed

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