Protein%20Synthesis

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Protein Synthesis
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I. What is Protein Synthesis?

1. Using RNA to make a protein from the DNA
   instructions
2. The monomers of protein are Amino Acids

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II. DNA and RNA

• II. DNA and RNA are Nucleic Acids. Whats the
  difference between DNA and RNA?

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DNA

1. Deoxyribose Sugar
2. Nitrogen Bases G, C, A, T
3. Double Stranded Shape
4. Instruction Manual- holds Instructions

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RNA

• Ribose Sugar
• Nitrogen Bases
• G, C, A, U (uracil
• U pairs with A
• Single Stranded
• Worker- uses instructions to make proteins

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iii. Why is making proteins important?

• Proteins help with
• Movement Muscles and bones are made of proteins
• Regulation Enzymes control reactions
• Structure- all living things are built from
  proteins

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• 4. Transports- Hemoglobin
• 5. Defense- Antibodies

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IV. How does Protein Synthesis work?

• Transcription
• Occurs in the Nucleus
• mRNA makes a copy of DNA instructions
• Matching Bases
• U A
• G C

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Matching bases of DNA RNA

• Double Stranded DNA Unzips

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Matching bases of RNA to DNA
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• U (instead of T) matches with A

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• U (instead of T) matches with A

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RNA Splicing/Processing

1. Occurs in the Cytoplasm
2. Pieces of the pre-mRNA are removed to create mRNA

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RNA Splicing/Processing

1. Using the pre-mRNA strand, remove the underlined
   part of the pre-mRNA
2. Intron The pieces that are REMOVED
3. Exon The pieces that are KEPT

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C. Translation

• Occurs on a ribosome

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• 2. tRNA helps translate the mRNA into amino
  acids (the tRNA brings the correct amino acid to
  the mRNAs matching code)

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How to complete Translation

1. Draw a line after every three letters in the mRNA
   code. These three letters are called a CODON.
2. Use the chart to translate the codons into amino
   acids

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• A U G G C A U C G U A A
• A U G / G C A / U C G / U A A
• ________ _________ _________ ________

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• A U G G C A U C G U A A
• A U G / G C A / U C G / U A A
• Methionine ________ _________ ________

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• A U G G C A U C G U A A
• A U G / G C A / U C G / U A A
• Methionine Alanine _________ ________

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• A U G G C A U C G U A A
• A U G / G C A / U C G / U A A
• Methionine Alanine Serine _______

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• A U G G C A U C G U A A
• A U G / G C A / U C G / U A A
• Methionine Alanine Serine Stop

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Review
Protein Polymer
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V. What if there are problems?
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A. What is a Mutation?

• A mutation is any change in the DNA sequence.

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1. Mutations in Reproductive Cells

• in gametes (sperm egg cells)
• could be passed on to offspring

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2. Mutations in Body Cells

• normal cells (somatic cells)
• cannot be passed on to offspring

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VI. Types of Mutations

• Gene mutations
• Chromosomal mutations

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A. Types of Gene Mutations

• Point mutation-a change in a single base pair in
  the DNA.
• May or may not interfere with protein production.
• i.e. sickle cell anemia
• THE DOG BIT THE CAT
• THE DOG BIT THE CAR

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Types of Gene Mutations

• 2. Frameshift mutation-where a single base pair
  is added or deleted, causing a shift in how the
  strand will be read.

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• Many proteins can be affected and will not
  function properly.
• THE DOG BIT THE CAT
• THE DOB ITT HEC AT

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B. Types of Chromosome Mutations

• 1. Deletion-part of a chromosome is left out.

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There is a small section of chromosome 5 that
has been deleted
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• 2. Insertion-part of a chromatid breaks off
  attaches to its sister chromatid.

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• 3. Inversion-part of a chromosome breaks off
  reinserts backwards.

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• 4. Translocation-part of one chromosome breaks
  off is switched with a piece from a different
  non-sister chromosome.

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• One example of translocation is chronic
  myelogenous leukemia

• A portion of chromosome 22 switches places with a
  small fragment from 9

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VII. What causes mutations?

• A. Spontaneous mistakes
• B. environment
• any agent that can cause a change in DNA is
  called a mutagen. (x-rays, UV light, asbestos)

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C. DNA Repair

• 1. Enzymes in our cells remove the incorrect
  nucleotides replace them with the right ones.
• this works well, but is not perfect

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Conclusion What do mutations ultimately cause?

• Since DNA is the instructions for making
  proteins
• and mutations are mistakes in the DNA code
• the mutations cause ABNORMAL PROTEIN PRODUCTION.