Protein%20Synthesis%20(transcription%20and%20translation),%20Genetics,%20and%20Evolution - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

About This Presentation
Title:

Protein%20Synthesis%20(transcription%20and%20translation),%20Genetics,%20and%20Evolution

Description:

CBA Review Protein Synthesis (transcription and translation), Genetics, and Evolution – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:242
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 51
Provided by: e1348
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: Protein%20Synthesis%20(transcription%20and%20translation),%20Genetics,%20and%20Evolution


1
CBA Review
  • Protein Synthesis (transcription and
    translation), Genetics, and Evolution

2
Protein Synthesis
3
DNA vs. RNA
DNA RNA
Double stranded Deoxyribose sugar Guanine, cytosine, adenine, thymine (G-C), (A-T) Stays in nucleus Single-stranded Ribose sugar Guanine, cytosine, adenine, uracil (G-C), (A-U) mRNA moves from nucleus to cytoplasm, tRNA and rRNA (ribosomes) stay in cytoplsam.
4
TRANSCRIPTION!
  • mRNA
  • copies DNA in nucleus
  • takes copied gene to cytoplasm
  • Attaches to RIBOSOME (rRNA)
  • Made up of three letter triplets called CODONS
  • DNA Strand
  • AGG-GAC-TAT-GAT-AGC
  • Complimentary RNA Strand
  • UCC-CUG-AUA-CUA-UCG

5
(No Transcript)
6
TRANSLATION!
  • tRNA
  • Reads the mRNA each CODON at a time
  • Has the opposite of the codon, called the
    ANTI-CODON, which matches using base-pairing
    rules (A-U), (G-C)
  • Translation happens in the CYTOPLASM within
    RIBOSOMES.

7
(No Transcript)
8
tRNA ANTI-CODON
mRNA CODON
9
Amino Acids
  • Monomers of proteins
  • Every codon codes for an amino acid
  • DNA Strand
  • ATA-CGG-ACC-TAA-GAG
  • mRNA Strand
  • Write on white board
  • Amino Acid Sequence
  • Write on white board

10
(No Transcript)
11
GENETICS!
  • Gene Regulation
  • Mendelian Genetics
  • Principle of Dominance
  • Monohybrid and dihybrid crosses
  • Non-Mendelian Genetics
  • Incomplete Dominance
  • Codominance
  • Polygenic Traits
  • X-Linked Traits
  • Gene Technology
  • Recombinant DNA
  • DNA Fingerprinting
  • Karyotyping
  • Pedigrees
  • Chromosomal Mutations
  • Meiosis

12
Gene Regulation
  • Remember Oxana Malaya, the girl who was raised by
    dogs
  • When she was born, she was completely normal,
    mentally and physically
  • She now experiences difficulties learning and
    with language and lives in assisted living. Why?

13
Gene Regulation
  • The environment influences gene expression.
  • Genes
  • Expressed transcription CAN happen
  • Not expressed transcription CANNOT happen
  • Prokaryotes (Bacteria)
  • LAC Operon set of genes that make the enzymes
    that digest lactose
  • No lactose present genes NOT expressed (Turned
    off)
  • Lactose present genes EXPRESSED (turned on

14
Gene Regulation
  • Eukaryotes
  • Use transcription factors
  • More complex process than in prokaryotes
  • Epigenome the marker proteins that turn genes
    on and off

15
Mendelian Genetics
  • Monohybrid Crosses
  • Letters on the sides of the Punnett square are
    GAMETES (Law of Segregation)
  • Dihybrid Crosses
  • RrYy x RrYy
  • Will always end up with a 9331 phenotypic
    ratio
  • FOIL to find gametes (Law of Independent
    Assortment)

16
Non-Mendelian Genetics
  • Incomplete Dominance heterogygotes have
    blended appearance (If RR Red, and WW
    White, then RW Pink)
  • Codominance BOTH traits are expressed equally in
    heterozygotes (COWdominance if BB black cow
    and WW white cow, then BW black and white
    spotted cow)

17
(No Transcript)
18
Non-Mendelian Genetics (cont.)
  • X-Linked Traits
  • Carried on the X-Chromosome
  • Females are XX, males are XY, so males CANNOT be
    heterozygous for X-linked traits
  • Polygenic Traits
  • More than one set of alleles for the trait
  • You see a bell-curve distribution of phenotypes
    with these traits
  • Ex- hair color, height, skin tone, etc

19
Gene Technology
  • Recombinant DNA genes inserted into PLASMIDS of
    bacteria to trick the bacteria into making the
    proteins that are desired
  • Ex Insulin for people with diabetes

20
Gene Technology
  • DNA fingerprinting
  • Everyone has different DNA fingerprints EXCEPT
    IDENTICAL TWINS!
  • Used in paternity tests and crime scenes

21
Gene Technology
  • Karyotyping
  • Used to detect chromosomal abnormalities
  • Can be performed while a woman is pregnant to
    detect abnormalities in the fetus amniocentesis
  • NON-DISJUNCTION mutations cause TRISOMIES!

Trisomy 21 Down Syndrome Caused by
NON-DISJUNCTION mutation
22
Pedigrees
  • DARKENED individuals are AFFECTED
  • If you see half-colored circles or squares, the
    individual is a CARRIER
  • Not all carriers are half-colored.

23
Chromosomal Mutations
24
Meiosis VS Mitosis
25
Meiosis VS Mitosis
  • Meiosis 2n ? 1n
  • Diploid cells to haploid cells
  • Makes GAMETES (eggs and sperm)
  • Mitosis 2n ? 2n
  • Diploid cells to diploid cells

26
Non-Disjunction Mutations
  • Cause a TRISOMY on a karyotype
  • Chromosomes dont separate during meiosis

27
Evolution
  • Endosymbiotic Theory
  • Origin of Complex Molecules
  • Evidence of Evolution
  • Fossils
  • Homologous, Vestigial structures
  • Embryology
  • DNA evidence
  • Mechanisms of Evolution
  • Natural selection, mutation, migration (gene
    flow), genetic drift (bottlenecking,
    founder-effect)
  • Directional, Disruptive, Stabilizing selection
  • Convergent vs Divergent Evolution

28
Endosymbiotic Theory
  • Mirochondria and Chloroplasts used to be bacteria!

29
Origin of Complex Molecules
  • Oparin Haldane hypothesized that amino acids
    could form in the early Earths environment
  • Miller Urey tested it..and it worked!

AMINO ACIDS formed after a week!
30
Iron-Sulfur World Hypothesis
  • Discovery of ecosystems based on chemosynthesis
    in deep hydrothermal vents offered support
  • Chemosynthesis making glucose using inorganic
    molecules instead of sunlight as a catalyst
  • Catalysts in this instance Iron (Fe) and Sulfur
    (S)

31
RNA World Hypothesis
  • RNA came before DNA because CATALYTIC RNA is
    SELF-REPLICATING.
  • Catalytic RNA needs no proteins to aid in the
    process of replication, unlike DNA
  • Catalytic RNA acts like an enzyme, but it is not
  • RNA nucleic acid, enzymes proteins

32
Fossils
  • Older fossils are in lower layers
  • Newer fossils are in top layers
  • When fossils disappear from
  • one layer to another, the organisms
  • must have gone extinct

33
Gradualism vs Punctuated Equilibrium
Gradualism
Punctuated equilibrium
34
Gradualism
  • TRANSITION FOSSILS

35
Punctuated Equilibrium
  • NO transition fossils

36
Punctuated Equilibrium
37
Homologous Structures
  • Similar because of common ancestry
  • DIVERGENT EVOLUTION

38
Analogous Structures
  • Independent evolutionno common ancestry
  • CONVERGENT EVOLUTION

39
Vestigial Structures
  • Not used in modern species evidence of ancestry
  • Ex- leg bones in whales, appendix in humans

40
Molecular Evidence
  • More DNA in
  • common more
  • closely related
  • DNA similarities
  • Amino Acid similarities

41
Embryology
  • All vertebrates go through similar embryonic
    stages early in development
  • Tails become backbones

42
Adaptive Radiation
  • Divergent Evolution
  • An ancestral species diversifies into many
    different species
  • Ex- mammals after dinosaur extinction

43
(No Transcript)
44
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
  • When no evolution is happening
  • Random mating
  • No environmental pressures
  • Does not exist in real life

45
Convergent vs Divergent
  • CONVERGENT
  • DIVERGENT
  • UNRELATED species adapt to similar environments
  • Produces ANALOGOUS sturctures
  • RELATED species become more different
  • Produces HOMOLOUS structures

46
Types of Natural Selection
47
Cladograms
48
(No Transcript)
49
(No Transcript)
50
(No Transcript)
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com