The Advent of the

1
The Advent of the Isms

• Section 11.53

2
The Age of Isms

Decembrist revolt
Mines Act
Congress of Vienna
Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1818
Liberalism, Romanticism, Nationalism,
Conservativism, Socialism,
Marxism
Corn Laws Repealed
July Revolution
February Revolution (France)
1815 1820 1825 1830 1838 1842 1846 1848
(Springtime of Peoples)
Congress of Verona, 1822
Chartists Movement
-March Days (Austria) -Frankfurt Assembly

• -Reform Bill of 1832
• Factory Act 1833
• Poor Law of 1834

Peterloo Massacre (1819) Congress of Troppau
(1820)
Burschenschaft formed Carlsbad Decrees issued
(1817)
Ten Hours Act (1847)
3
Introduction

• From the period of 1815 to 1848 the use of new
  words to describe economic, social, and political
  ideas grew
• Liberalism(1819), radicalism (1820), socialism
  (1832), conservatism (1835), nationalism and
  communism (1840s)
• Suggests that ideas were being made more
  systematic
• Development of the social sciences
• Analyze society as a whole
• Competing with other ideologies
• Leading to the conscious espousal of a doctrine
  in competition with other doctrines

4
Conservatism

• Basic Tenets
• A reaction against liberalism
• Alternative to the violence and terror of French
  Revolution
• Supporter of restoration of legitimate monarchs
• Support came from nobility , peasants, early
  romantics
• Loved order, stability, tradition, and religion
• Hated notion of a Revolution (change)
• Society is organic
• Reject idea of social contract
• History and God were sole sources of legitimate
  power
• Rejected idea of natural rights
• Every people is different
• Believed in hierarchical society
• Some were born to rule
• Hero
• Edmund Burke- Reflections of the Revolution in
  France

5
Reflections of the Revolution in France

• "I cannot ... give praise or blame to anything
  which relates to human actions, and human
  concerns, on a simple view of the object, as it
  stands stripped of every relation, in all the
  nakedness and solitude of metaphysical
  abstraction. Circumstances ... are what render
  every civil and political scheme beneficial or
  noxious to mankind. Abstractedly speaking,
  government, as well as liberty, is good yet
  could I, in common sense, ten years ago, have
  felicitated France on her enjoyment of a
  government (for she then had a government)
  without inquiring what the nature of that
  government was? ... Can I now congratulate the
  same nation upon its freedom? Is it because
  liberty in the abstract may be classed amongst
  the blessings of mankind, that I am seriously to
  felicitate a madman, who has escaped from the
  protecting restraint and wholesome darkness of
  his cell, on his restoration to the enjoyment of
  light and liberty? ... I should, therefore,
  suspend my congratulations on the new liberty of
  France until I was informed how it had been
  combined with government, with public force, with
  the discipline and obedience of armies, with the
  collection of an effective and well-distributed
  revenue, with morality and religion, with the
  solidity of property, with peace and order, with
  civil and social manners. All these (in their
  way) are good things, too, and without them
  liberty is not a benefit whilst it lasts, and is
  not likely to continue long.

6
Isms Roundtable Activity

• In groups of 4 create a chart that lists the
  roots, key characteristics, and heroes of each
  ism.

Conservativism Liberalism Romanticism French Socialism Marxist Socialism

7
Classic Liberalism

• Rooted in Enlightenment
• Believed that the individual is a self-sufficient
  being
• The ism of the middle class bourgeoisie
• Favored written constitution
• Reject republicanism (universal male suffrage)
• Love Lockean notions of the right of rebellion,
  and natural rights
• Favored Smithian Laissez-faire economics
• Favored balance of power, free trade, Education
• Heroes Locke, Smith, Philosophes, Ricardo,
  Malthus

8
Romanticism

• Rooted in Plato, Rousseau and Kant
• Plato-innate ideas
• Rousseau- Emiles praise of childhood, and nature
• Kant- rejected Lockes notion of tabula rasa in
  favor of categorical imperative
• Innate subjective sense of what is good and
  beautiful
• A reaction against the Enlightenment,
  rationalism, classicalism, liberalism
• Favored imagination spontaneity over classical
  rules (art literature)
• Highpoint from 1780s-1848
• Feeling emotion over reason
• Mucho amour for the medieval times nature
• Rejected notion of progress universal laws
• said each historical period people were unique,
  organic, and different
• At the forefront in fighting slavery, industrial
  evils

Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows, John
Constable
Neuschwanstein Castle
9
Wanderer Looking over a Sea of Fog (1815

• Caspar David Friedrich 1774 1840) century
  German Romantic painter

10
French Utopian Socialism

• Rooted in a reaction to the evils of the
  Industrial Revolution, Renaissance (Sir Thomas
  More) French Rev (Convention)
• Believed in government economic planning
• Hated cutthroat, selfish, individualistic and
  chaotic capitalism
• Private property should be regulated or abolished
• Count Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825)
• Proposed that the Doers or Captains of Industry
  (scientists, engineers, industrialists) should
  plan the economy
• Public should own the means of production
• Public works projects, investment banking
• Parasites (monarchs, aristocracy, Church) should
  step aside
• Charles Fourier (1772-1837)
• Proposed small units (phalansteries) containing
  1,620 people
• communal societies where people worked at what
  they were interested in
• Total emancipation for women
• Saw marriage as another form of prostitution

11
French Utopian Socialism

• Louis Blanc (1811-1882)
• Organization of Work (1839)
• proposed social workshops (state supported
  manufacturing centers) where workers labor for
  themselves without the intervention of private
  capitalists
• Robert Owen (1771-1858)
• Industrialist and cotton lord of Manchester
• Appalled by conditions of mill-workers
• Created a model community
• High wages
• Reduced hours
• Corrective against vice (drunkenness)
• Schools
• Housing
• Stores
• paternalistic capitalism turned him into a social
  reformer

12
Nationalism

• A raised level of consciousness of a particular
  peoples traditions, history, land, language,
  culture that say they should be joined together
  in a nation
• Glued mostly by a fixed language Romanticism
• Linguists scholars had begun to fix national
  languages through journals, books, newspapers
• Rejected Congress of Vienna and its principle of
  legitimacy
• Favor idea of popular sovereignty
• Although certain minorities came to dominate
  national character (Hungary)
• Proponents promoted
• idea of nationalisms economic and administrative
  efficiency
• A nation, like a person, is free a creation of
  God
• Religious figure
• Poland as the crucified Christ

13
Nationalism Continued

• Most influential in Germany
• Herder Father of German Nationalism
• Ideas on the Philosophy of the History of Mankind
  (1784)
• Volksgeist Spirit of the People
• common people is where national character existed
• Rejected Enlightenment idea of progress
• said each nation should develop their own way and
  avoid distortions by outside influence
• didnt think that German culture was better but
  different
• J. G. Fichte
• Closed Commercial state (1800)
• outlined a totalitarian system in which the state
  planned and operated whole economy in
  isolationist fashion, thus protecting national
  character
• Address To The German Nation, 1807
• there was an ineradicable German spirit,
  primordial, to be kept pure at all costs, inner
  moral universe
• German spirit is better than others

14
Nationalism Continued

• Father Jahn
• known as Turnvater Jahn, or the "father of
  gymnastics"
• organized a youth movement (political gymnastics
  clubs)
• did calisthenics for Fatherland, made fun of
  aristocrats in French costumes, suspicion of
  foreigners (Jews, internationalists), IE things
  that might corrupt the purity of German Volk
• 1810- "Poles, French, priests, aristocrats and
  Jews are Germany's misfortune."
• Organized book burnings
• Grimms Fairy Tales
• In search of the Volk
• Cinderella, Hansel and Gretel
• Friedrick List
• Advocated Zollverein (free trade zones within
  German states

15
Scientific Marxist Socialism

• Based on philosophy of Karl Marx (1818-1883)
  Friedrich Engles (1820-1895)
• Brutal and militant revolutionary vision of how
  the working class would defeat bourgeiosie
• Based inversely on Wilhelm Hegels philosophy
• German nationalistic philosophy who said history
  is the story of Dialectic Ideals
• irrespirable tendency for human mind to move
  forward by the creation of opposites (dialectic
• Dialectic Materialism explains all human history
• All change comes through the clash of
  antagonistic elements
• Historical development is the result of
  conditions created by the interaction of such
  forces
• Economic causation to all human history/Class
  struggle
• All human history is a story of a struggle over
  material (resources) between haves and have nots
• Monarch v. Nobility
• Nobility v. Bourgeoisie
• Bourgeoisie v. Proletariat

16
Scientific Marxist Socialism

• Theory of Surplus Value
• the stolen portion of the value of the product
  the proletariat labored over
• The profit of the capitalist
• Inevitability of Communist State
• Believed that history is scientific (predictable)
• Capitalism contains the seeds of its own
  destruction
• Bourgeoisie will exploit the proletariat until
  class consciousness rises workers destroy
  capitalism in favor of a Dictatorship of the
  Proletariat
• A classless society
• Work according to ones ability, take according
  to ones needs
• Communist Manifesto (1848)
• A call for revolution
• The proletarians have nothing to lose but their
  chains. Workers of the world unite!
• ..let the ruling classes tremble at a communist
  revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose
  but their chains. They have a world to win.
  Workingmen of all countries, unite!

17
Congress of Vienna

• Napoleon Defeated by 1814
• many questions remained unanswered..
• Quadruple Alliance
• Russia, Austria, Prussia, and Great Britain
• First Treaty of Vienna
• restored the French boundaries of 1792
• Restored the Bourbon dynasty
• No indemnity
• Defensive Measures
• established Prussia as a "sentinel on the Rhine"
• Prussia got land on Rhine
• created Kingdom of the Netherlands
• a new kingdom out of Belgium and Holland.
• balance of power-
• believed that an international equilibrium of
  political and military forces would preserve
  peace in Europe.

18
Congress of Vienna

• Sticky Points
• Polish-Saxon Question
• Prussians and the Russians demanded Saxony and
  Poland
• compensation threatened the balance.
• Castlereagh, Metternich, and Talleyrand forced
  Russia and Prussia into a compromise whereby
  Russia got part of Poland and Prussia received
  two-fifths of Saxony

19
Congress or Metternich System

• Intervention and repression
• Under Metternich, Austria, Prussia, and Russia
  led a crusade against liberalism.
• They formed a Holy Alliance to check future
  liberal and revolutionary activity.
• When liberals succeeded in Spain and in the Two
  Sicilies, these powers intervened to restore
  conservatism.
• Metternich's policies also dominated the German
  Confederation--through which the Carlsbad Decrees
  were issued in 1819.
• These decrees repressed subversive ideas and
  organizations in the 38 German states
• Read German Gynasium

20
Metternich and Conservatism

• Metternich represented the view that the best
  state blended monarchy, bureaucracy, and
  aristocracy.
• He hated liberalism, which he claimed stirred up
  the lower classes and caused war and bloodshed.
• Liberalism also stirred up national aspirations
  in central Europe, which could lead to war and
  the breakup of the Austrian Empire.
• The empire, which was dominated by the minority
  Germans, contained many ethnic groups, including
  Hungarians and Czechs, which was a potential
  source of weakness and dissatisfaction.