INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• Chapter 25
• 1700-1900

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The Beginning

• Enclosures
• Seed Drill (1701) Jethro Tull
• Crop Rotation
• Animals (Robert Bakewell) bred his best sheep
• Population increasesdemand for workers

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British Advantages

• 1) Large Population
• 2) Natural Resources
• 3) Economic prosperity
• 4) Factors of production
• a) land
• b) labor
• c) capital

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Textile Industry

• Flying shuttle (1733), John Kay
• Spinning Jenny (1764), James Hargreaves
• Water frame (1769), Richard Arkwright

• Spinning mule (1779), Samuel Crompton
• Power loom (1787), Edmund Cartwright
• Cotton gin (1793), Eli Whitney
• American cotton increased from 1.5 million pounds
  in 1790 to 85 million pounds in 1810

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Transportation

• 1) Steam Engine (1765), James Watt Robert
  Fulton (Clermont)
• 2) Roads (1800s), stones for drainage
• 3) Turnpikes to pay a toll
• 4) Railroad (1820s)

• RR advantages
• Cheap
• New Jobs
• Transport industries to distant areas
• Travel for distant jobs

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Urbanization

• Urbanizationcity building and movement of people
  to cities
• London became Europes largest city of 1 million
• Living conditions
• Garbage
• Shelters
• Cholera epidemics
• Lifespan

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Urbanization cont.

• Working conditions
• 14 hours a day
• 6 days a week
• New dangers
• Injuries, no aid
• Coal mines and breathing
• Child labor
• Pollution

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Urbanization cont.

• Class tensions
• Middle class is a social class of skilled
  workers, professionals, businesspeople, and
  wealthy farmers
• Upper middle classgovt workers, doctors,
  lawyers, and managers of factories
• Lower middle classtoolmakers, drafters,
  printers, and factory overseers
• Education
• Demand for clerical workers needing education

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Industrialization Spreads

• United States
• Samuel Slater emigrated and build spinning
  machine from memory
• Moses Brown opened 1st factory in Rhode Island in
  1790

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Later Expansion

• 1) Natural resources of oil, coal, and iron
• 2) Inventions of electric light bulb and
  telephone
• 3) Urban population boom
• 4) RR

• 5) Corporationsbusiness owned by stockholders
  who share in its profits but not responsible for
  debts
• Standard OilJohn D. Rockefeller
• Carnegie Steel CompanyAndrew Carnegie

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European Industrialization

• French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars
• Belgium technology leader
• Germany imports and sends children to learn
• German RR
• Social structure and geography delay other areas

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Reforms

• Laissez-faire
• Letting owners of industry and business set
  working conditions without interference, favors
  free-market, from France
• Adam Smith (1776) Wealth of Nations
• Opposed govt efforts to help workers such as
  minimum wages and better working conditions

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Reforms

• Capitalism
• An economic system in which money is invested in
  business ventures with goal of making a profit
• Thomas Malthus
• Argued that population increased more than food
  supply without wars and epidemics so most were
  destined to be poor and miserable
• David Ricardo
• Permanent underclass would always be poor

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Socialism

• Utilitarianism
• Bentham thought people should judge ideas,
  institutions, and actions on the basis of their
  utility or usefulness
• Also push for reforms in legal, educational and
  prison systems
• Utopia
• Robert Owen built society in Indiana

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Socialism

• Socialism
• Factors of production are owned by the public and
  operate for the welfare of all
• Govt should plan the economy
• Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote The
  Communist Manifesto
• Havesemployersbourgeoisie
• Have-notsworkersproletariat
• Final phase of communism would be complete
  socialism in which production would be totally
  owned by people and private property would cease
  to exist
• Religion, nationalism, ethnic loyalties, and
  democracy have influenced society so that
  socialism has not succeeded

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Unionization

• Collective bargaining
• Negotiations between workers and employers
• Strike or refuse to work if conditions are not
  acceptable
• Led to American Federation of Labor (AFL)
• Reform laws
• Factory Act of 1833no worker under 9, 9-12 only
  8 hours, 13-17 only 12 hours
• Mines Act of 1842no women/children underground
• Ten Hours Act of 184710 hour workday for W/C in
  factories

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Other Reformers

• William Wilberforce
• Worked to abolish slavery in Britain (1833)
• Jane Addams
• Worked for womens rights in mid-1800s
• Horace Mann
• Worked for free public education in US

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