Hadith Collection, Shi

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Hadith Collection, Shia Version

• A.S. Hashim, MD

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About this slide show

• This slide show deals with
• A general view of Hadith
• Categories of Hadith
• Hadith fabrications and forgeries
• Ilm Al-Rijaal ??? ??????
• Collection of Hadith during the 1st, 2nd, 3rd,
  and 4th century
• Golden Chain of Narration ??????? ???????
• Collectors of Hadith and their books

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What is Hadith?

• Hadith is a specific statement of Prophet
  Muhammad (pbuh)
• Traditions are deeds or conduct of Prophet
  Muhammad (pbuh)
• The Hadith and Sunnah are second in importance to
  the Quran
• The Holy Quran is God's Words that come first in
  significance and importance

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Hadith Reporting
Al-Hadith
Sunni
Shia
Canonical Books
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The Sunnah

• The Sunnah consists of
• The statements of Muhammad (pbuh) and
• His Tradition (conduct)
• The Sayings are binding
• The Sunnah can be interpreted in several ways

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The Shari'ah

• The Shari'ah (Islamic Way) consists of
• The Quranic Divine Guidance, and
• The Sunnah of Muhammad (pbuh)
• Shari'ah is the Constitution of Islam
• Shari'ah needs to be interpreted
• The interpreter of Shari'ah is called Faqeeh

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Constitution of Islam
Shariah
Quran
Sunnah
The interpreter of Shari'ah is called Faqeeh
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Fiqh (Islamic Law)

• Fiqh is interpretation of Shari'ah by a scholar
  erudite in Islamic knowledge
• Head of Islamic Schools of Thought is Faqeeh of
  the highest caliber
• Fiqh is the Law in Islamic Circles
• Fiqh is the spiritual law of unique importance to
  Muslims

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The language of the Hadith

• The literary style of Hadith is very high, yet it
  is far different from the Quran
• Often the Hadith consists of a few words yet has
  deep meaning of immeasurable value
• Hadith may look like maxims and/or proverbs
• Hadith often touches on certain aspects of life

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Subjects of Hadith

1. Hadiths deal with elements of Faith and belief
2. Hadiths deal with Rituals
3. Hadiths deal with Human Character
4. Hadiths deal with Ahkaam and dealing with others
5. Hadiths deal with the Afterlife

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Categories of Hadith

• The scholars of the Hadith literature divided the
  Traditions of the Prophet (pbuh) into categories
  according to the degree of authenticity and
  reliability, each category had to meet certain
  criteria.
• The categories are as follows
• Sahih   ??????   The genuine Traditions, the
  authentic ones.
• Moothaq    ?????Almost like the Sahih but the
  narration is not as strong as those of the Sahih.
• Hasan ????? The fair Traditions although
  inferior in matter of authenticity.
• Dha'eef  ?????? The weak Traditions which are
  not so reliable. 

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Classes of Deeds and Actions

• In the Shari'ah (Islamic Constitution) deeds and
  actions are divided into five classes
• Fardh or Wajib   ??? ?? ?????  An obligatory
  duty the omission of which is Islamicly
  punishable.
• Mus'tahab  ???????  An action which is rewarded,
  but whose omission is not punishable.
• Mu'baah     ?????An action which is permitted
  but legally is indifferent.
• Mak'rooh ??????   An action which is disapproved
  by the Shari'ah but is not under any penalty.
• Haram  ???? An action which is forbidden, and
  Islamicly punishable.

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The Fabricated Hadiths  ???????? ????????    

•  History of Fabrication
• During Benu Umayya's Rule  Bringing forth a
  Counterfeit Hadith was widespread throughout this
  period.
• During Benu Abbas' Rule, producing and
  circulating counterfeit Hadiths was widespread,
  in particular with the advent of the schools of
  thought in Islam.
• By the year 200 H.  Total of 600,000 Hadiths
  were in existence, out of which 408,324 Hadith
  were fabricated (counterfeit) Hadiths by 620
  forgers, whose names and identity are known.
• Most Notorious Forgers  Ibn Jundub, Abu
  Bukhtari, Ibn Basheer, Abdullah Al-Ansaari,
  Al-Sindi.  One of them, Ibn Au'jaa, professed
  before he was hanged (for his heresy) that he
  alone had forged 4,000 Hadiths.

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Reasons for Fabricating Hadiths 

• Reasons to Fabricate (To do Hadith forgery)  
• Financial incentive by the Khalifas, starting
  with Mu'awiya. Muawiya as an example awarded Ibn
  Jundub and others large sums of money for coming
  forth with Hadiths that suited him.
• As a means of self-promotion in the government.
• In a drive to enhance a particular school of
  thought.
• Fanaticism for a school of thought at the expense
  of others.
• Al-Qassassoon (The story-tellers)  ???????????? 
  Their operation and major role in the public.

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Compare Size of Authentic versus Fabricated
Hadith
Over 600,000 Fabricated Hadiths as of 200H
Less than 3,000 Authentic Hadith
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The necessity for I'lm Al-Rijaal,  ??? ?????? 

• The necessity of I'lm Al-Rijaal,  ??? ?????? 
   (Science of men of Hadith Transmitters)
  Considered before reliability of the narrator
  could be established, were
• The Background,
• Intelligence,
• Authenticity,
• Reliability,
• Capacity to Memorize,
• Manner of living,
• Reputation, and
• Criticism,

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Compiling books about forged (counterfeit) Hadiths

• Compiling books about forged (counterfeit)
  Hadiths 
• To warn the Scholars as well as the public about
  the plethora of the forged Hadiths at that time.
• It soon became obvious that so numerous were such
  phony Hadiths that it was better to initiate Ilm
  Al-Rijaal
• Ilm Al-Rijaal was initiated by the Sunni
  scholars because
• of the massive counterfeit Hadiths circulated at
  the time
• The books showed the reliable from unreliable
  transmitter
• Ilm Al-Rijaal was   started by the Sunni
  scholars, but soon the Shia started their own
  too.

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By the year 200 H.

• Total of 600,000 Hadiths were in existence,
• The fabricated Hadiths numbered 408,324
• The fabricated Hadiths were traced to 620
  forgers,
• The names of the forgers and their identity were
  registered.
• Ibn Abi Awjaa as an example, claimed before his
  execution he forged 4,000 Hadiths by himself.

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Notorious Forgers

• Ibn Jundub, ??? ????
• Abu Bukhtari, ???????
• Ibn Basheer, ??? ????
• Abdullah Al-Ansaari, ??? ???? ????????
• Al-Sindi.  ??????
• Ibn Au'jaa, ??? ??? ??????? who professed before
  he was hanged (for his heresy) that he alone had
  forged 4,000 Hadiths.

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Hadith Books

• There are 6 Canonical Treatises (Sunni)
• There are 4 Canonical Treatises (Shi'a)
• Each treatise consists of 6-12 volumes
• There are about 2,000-3,000 authentic Hadiths,
  and many more that are reliable (less than
  authentic).

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To Follow the Shari'ah

• To be a person of piety (Taq'wa) a Muslim strives
  to
• Follow the Quran
• Apply the Hadith's instructions
• Emulate the conduct of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh)
• By so doing he/she will have achieved the
  perfection of character and gained Heaven

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Shi'a Hadith Collection

• Unlike the Sunni, the Hadiths were written while
  the Prophet was alive and soon after he died.
  His family were very familiar with it
• Written by Ali, the Prophet's constant Companion
  and son-in-law
• 580 Hadiths were written in Saheefa of Ali ?????
  ???
• These Hadiths were jealously guarded by the
  Progeny of the Prophet (pbuh) for 329 years
• Quotes of Hadith through the family go directly
  to the Prophet (pbuh)

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1st Century Shi'a Hadith Collection
Collected by Book Comment
Imam Ali ??? Saheefa of Ali Referenced by Shi'i Sunni alike
Zainul Abideen ??? ???????? Risalat Al-Huqooq Saheefa Al-Sajjadiya Written by al-Sajjad or dictated to his companions
Abi Rafi ??? ???? Sunan and Ah'kaam Servant of the Prophet, close to Ali, d 30H
Jabir Al-Ansaari ???? ???????? Mansak Companion of the Prophet, d 78H
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2nd Century Shi'a Hadith Collection
Collected by Book Comment
Imam Al-Baaqir ?????? Tafseer Al-Quran Having references to Hadith
Zaid Ibn Ali ??? ?? ??? Mus'nad Hadith and Fiqh
Imam Al-Saadiq ?????? Al-Tawhid Writing mainly by his Companions
Al-Saadiq's Companions ????? ?????? The 400 Usool (400 books) Elaboration on Hadith Completed over 90-100 years
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3rd Century Shi'a Hadith Collection
Collected by Book Comment
Al-Warraq Al-Hadhrami ?????? ??????? The Collection (AL-Jami') Depending on the 400 Usool, each author collected His specific al-Jami. It was massive works, well categorized and indexed.  It became a reference for about two centuries. Most later works were derived from them.
Muhammad Al-Ashari ???? ??????? The Collection (AL-Jami') Depending on the 400 Usool, each author collected His specific al-Jami. It was massive works, well categorized and indexed.  It became a reference for about two centuries. Most later works were derived from them.
Muhammad ibin Al-Waleed ???? ?? ?????? The Collection (AL-Jami') Depending on the 400 Usool, each author collected His specific al-Jami. It was massive works, well categorized and indexed.  It became a reference for about two centuries. Most later works were derived from them.
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4th Century Shi'a Hadith Collection
Collected by Book Comment
Al-Kulaini ??????? Al-Kaafi ?????? 16,199 Hadiths
Al-Siddooq ?????? Mun Laa Yah'dharhu Al-Faqeeh ?? ?? ????? ?????? 5,973 Hadiths, with 3913 References
Al-Toosi ?????? Tah'dheeb Al-Ah'kaam ????? ??????? 12,590 Hadiths, in 93 chapters
Al-Toosi ?????? Al-Istibsaar ????????? 5,521 Hadiths
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Collectors of Hadith, 4th Century
1. Al-Kulaini
2. Al-Siddooq
3. Al-Toosi
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Shi'a Hadith Collection

• At first, and while written in diverse books, the
  Shia Hadiths were not collected in one
  distinctive book format
• Later, distinctive books of Hadith were written
  in the 2nd and 3rd century of Islamic Calendar
• Four Canonical Hadith Books are available
• About 16,000 Hadiths are registered, of which
  about 2,000-3,000 Hadiths are Sahih (authentic).

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Golden Chain of Narration

• Thousands of Hadiths were narrated and quoted by
  Ahlul Bayt
• Each Imam said, "My Hadith is the Hadith of my
  father, and his is the Hadith of his father, up
  to Ali, who directly narrated the Hadith from
  Prophet Muhammad (pbuh)."   This is called the
  Golden Chain of Narration.
• These Hadiths were of immense importance, since
  they corrected the inaccuracies and set right the
  contaminations which had crept into this science.
    

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The Golden Chain of Narration
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Canonical Shia Collections

• Al-Kulaini Collected Al-Kaafi16,199 Hadiths,
  About half of the total are Sahih, Hasan, or
  Moothaq
• Al-Siddooq Collected Mun Laa Yah'dharhu
  Al-Faqeeh 5,973 Hadiths, with 3913 References
• Al-Toosi Collected
• Tah'dheeb Al-Ah'kaam 12,590 Hadiths, in 93
  chapters
• Al-Istibsaar 5,521 Hadiths

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Imam Al-Ridha and Hadiths

• Al-Ridha quoted his forefathers saying my father
  quoted his father up to the Prophet
• Al-Ridha quoted
• Many Hadiths among 350 narrations
• Written in Book of Uyoon Akhbar al-Ridha
• Author of the book Al-Siddooq
• Year written 4th Century Hijrah
• Pages, volume 2 27-80

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Al-Kulaini and Al-Kaafi

• Great scholar,
• Superb scholar,
• taught in Baghdad,
• wrote many books, most famous was Al-Kaafi.
• Hadith Works
• Al-Kaafi took 20 years to write, 34 sections with
  326 chapters. 
• Registered 16,199 Hadith or sayings through Ahlul
  Bayt,
• 2577 Sahih (authentic),
• 1118 Moothaq (reliable),
• 302 Qawiy (strong),
• 144 Hasan (good enough), and
• 9380 Dhaeef (weak).

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Al-Kaafi as categorized
????
????
???
???
????
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Al-Kulaini (Al-Kaafi)

• Al-Kulaini was contemporary to all four
  successive deputies (or ambassadors) of Imam
  al-Mahdi ???????? 
• Al-Kulaini compiled Al-Kaafi on the request of
  prominent Shi'i scholars of the time.
• Al-Kulaini was a great scholar, a reliable
  Traditionist and a man of great learning.
• Kulaini taught at the university in Baghdad, and
  he was an expert historian, was well versed in
  categorizing the narrators of Hadith and the
  Traditionists.
• He is also an author of many books, among which
  is a book in the art and science of Traditions
  (Hadith).
• Book of Al-Kaafi ?????? took 20 years to be
  written,

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Al-Siddooq and Mun Laa Yah'dharhu Al-Faqeeh

• Life 
• Scholar of exceptional caliber, from Qum. 
• It is claimed he wrote almost 300 books
• Resided in Baghdad, teaching for a while.
• Hadith Works 
• Mun Laa Yah'dharhu Al-Faqeeh, ?? ?? ????? ??????
• Total of 5,973 Hadiths in 446 sections.

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Al-Siddooq (Mun Laa Yah'dharhu Al-Faqeeh)

• al-Siddooq was the author of Mun Laa Yah'dharhu
  Al-Faqeeh, 5,973 Hadiths, with 3,913 References
• As a scholar, al-Siddooq was of the first rank,
  had a good memory, was knowledgeable in Fiqh and
  had memorized Hadith.
• He came to Baghdad in 355H, (at the time of
  Buwayhi) and the leading scholars of the sect
  heard Traditions from him.
• He wrote about three hundred (300) works.
• Of the 300 books and/or treatises he wrote, we
  now have only eighteen books and treatises
• His largest work on Haf'th Madinatul  I'lm (The
  City of Knowledge) does not exist any more.

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Al-Toosi (Istibsaar and Tahdheeb)

• Life  Leader and scholar of great repute
• Taught in Baghdad both Shi'a and Sunni. 
• During disturbance between Shi'a and Sunni which
  the government enticed, Al-Toosi's library was
  burned, and
• his house attacked, and
• he left Baghdad to Najaf where he established the
  Howza Ilmiyyah (Islamic Seminary) ?????? ???????
  ?? ????? .
• Hadith Works
• Tah'dheeb Al-Ah'kaam, ????? ???????12,590
  Hadiths, in 390 sections.
• Al-Istibsaar ?????????   5,521 Hadiths.

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Al-Toosi

• al-Toosi was born in 385H.  His career marks the
  climax of a great period in Shi'a Islamic
  scholarship and learning.
• In 408H. He studied in Baghdad under al-Sheikh
  al-Mufeed
• So impressive was his learning that the Abbasi
  Khalifa, al-Qaadir bi-'llaah, attended his
  lectures and honored him.
• In 447H Tughril-Beg the leader of the Saljuqs
  invaded Baghdad, and many of the Islamic scholars
  (U'lamaa) in Baghdad, both Sunni and Shi'a were
  killed.
• al-Toosi left Baghdad with a heavy heart to go to
  al-Najaf.
• There he established the Howza ???????
  ????????????   , a university-like institute to
  study Tafseer, Fiqh, Ah'kaam, theological logic,
  I'lm al-Rijaal, besides many other branches of
  science.

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Collection of al-Hadith Collection of al-Hadith
Al-Sihah Al-Sittah (Sunni) Registered by highly Qualified scholars in Islam Narration of Ahlul Bayt (Shi'a) Registered by highly Qualified scholars in Islam
Quoting various people whose narration went back to the Prophets companions and Tabieen, then to Muhammad (pbuh) himself. Quoted from the 12 Imams (Ahlul Bayt).   Narration  was straight through to Muhammad (pbuh) by way of Alis registration of Hadiths.
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Manner of Collection of al-Hadith
Hadith Collection
Al-Sihaah Al-Sittah Quoted from Two generations
Sahaaba and Tabieen
Narration of Ahlul Bayt Quoted from Twelve
generations, the Imams, over a period of 329 years
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In Conclusion

• General discussion of Hadith with the Shia
• A general view of Hadith
• Categories of Hadith
• Hadith fabrications and forgeries
• Ilm Al-Rijaal
• Hadith during the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th century
• Golden Chain of Narration
• Collectors of Hadith and their books

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THANK YOU

• Be in Allahs Care
• Dr. A.S. Hashim