ISLAM-Ch11

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ISLAM-Ch11
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Beginnings of Islam

• Spiritually-Islam was founded by Ibrahim/Abraham,
  about 2000 BC
• Historically-Islam began with the Prophet
  Muhammad, born in 570AD
• Historically, Islam was founded by Muhammad about
  622AD

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Beginnings of Islam

• Ibrahim/Abraham-founder of both Judaism Islam,
  ancestor of Jews and Arabs.
• Sons
• Isaac, Ancestor of the Jews
• Ishmail-Ancestor of the Arabs
• Over the generations, both Arabs and Jews fell
  away from the true faith
• God sent prophets, including Moses Jesus to
  recall people to the true faith
• God sent the last greatest prophet, Muhammad,
  in 570AD

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Byzantine Empire

• The Byzantine Empire dominated the region of the
  Mediterranean and much of the middle east just
  before Muhammad was born

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Middle East, ca. 600 A.D.
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Arabia

• The climate of Arabia was mostly desert, except
  for narrow strips along the coasts.
• In most places, people could not grow crops, so
  the people in most of Arabia lived by herding
  sheep camels.
• Bedouins-nomadic herders of Arabia, who lived in
  tribes.
• There was frequent tribal warfare, often over
  water.
• A bedouin tribal leader was called a sheik.

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Arabia

• Near the coasts the climate was milder, and there
  were towns
• Townspeople were often traders
• The N-S trade route to Damascus ran through Mecca
  (Makkah)
• Mecca was also the location of a shrine called
  the Kaaba

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Before Muhammad-Mecca the Kaaba

• Kaaba cube shaped shrine in Mecca
• Before Muhammad, it contained 360 idols (statues
  of pagan gods), as well as a black stone,
  probably a meteorite
• Kaaba was holy to many Arabs, who at that time
  were mostly polytheistic.

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The Kaaba in Mecca
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Muhammad

• Born about 570 A.D.
• Raised by relatives
• -father died before he was born mother died when
  he was six
• -Taken in by his grandfather, who also soon died.
  Raised by his uncle.

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Muhammad-Early Life

• He couldnt read or write.
• In his youth, he worked for a while as a
  shepherd, then as a caravan trader Employer
  wealthy widow named Khadijah
• Supervised caravans from Mecca to Jerusalem and
  Damascus.
• Had contact with both Jews and Christians, who
  believed in a single God, while most Arabs at
  this time were polytheistic.
• Married Khadijah. They had several children, but
  only one daughter, Fatima, lived to adulthood.

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MUHAMMADs REVELATIONS

• When he was 40, he had was praying in a cave and
  had a revelation from the Angel Gabriel (Jibreel
  in Arabic), who spoke to him revealed verses
  that Muhammad was to recite
• At first Muhammad was terrified told no one,
  but finally he told his wife Khadija she
  encouraged him
• He soon began to teach others what had been
  revealed to him.

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Muhammad began to teach

• Continued to have revelations continued to
  teach in Mecca. A group of followers began to
  form
• The central idea revealed to him was that there
  is only One God.
• Allah is the Arabic word for God (Allah is not a
  name, but the Arabic word that means God. Allah
  is the same God worshipped by Jews, Christians
  others.)

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Muhammad-Hijrah

• Merchants of Mecca became hostile to his
  teaching, because they feared it would ruin their
  business from pilgrims coming to visit the many
  idols in the Kaaba. Also, it contradicted their
  polytheistic beliefs.
• 622AD Muhammad his followers were persecuted
  by the merchants of Mecca, and they fled to
  Yathrib (later renamed Medina, city of the
  Prophet).
• This flight from Mecca is called the Hijrah,
  and it became the year 1 in the Islamic Calendar.

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Muhammad, Return to Mecca

• Muhammad preached to the people of
  Yathrib/Medina, and became an important leader
  there. .
• Many people in Yathrib/Medina, as well as many
  desert tribes, responded by accepting his
  message.
• Then war broke out between Yathrib/Medina Mecca
• After several battles, Yathrib/Medina began to
  win the war.
• 630AD Muhammad led an army of his followers and
  took control of Mecca
• Muhammad cleansed the Kaaba throwing out the
  idols and consecrating it to Allah, the One God.

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• 630-632AD More and more Arabs accepted
  Muhammads ideas
• Religion became known as Islam, the followers of
  Islam were called Muslims
• Muhammad died 2 years later, in 632, and was
  buried in Medina.
• By the time he died, many people in Arabia had
  accepted Islam
• In the years following Muhammads death, the
  religion spread over a wide area.
• The central belief is that there is One God.

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Five Pillars of Islam

• 1) Faith (Shahadah)
• There is no God but God, and Muhammad is his
  messenger
• 2) Prayer (Salat) five times a day, facing Mecca
• 3) Fasting (Sawm) from food and drink from sun-up
  to sun-down during the month of Ramadan
• 4) Charity (Zakat) to the poor-a minimum of 2.5
  of your wealth.
• 5) Pilgrimage (Hajj)to Mecca, if you can afford
  it, once in your life

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Holy Books

• The Quran-
• Most holy book of Islam
• Muslims believe
• The Quran is the word of God as revealed to
  Muhammad
• The authentic Quran is always in the Arabic
  language, because it was revealed to Muhammad in
  Arabic, and if it is translated, Gods words
  could be distorted or changed.
• Includes many of the same people and stories that
  are found in the Christian Jewish scriptures.

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Lesser Holy books

• Books that are important and respected, but are
  not as holy as the Quran. They are not directly
  the word of God.
• 1)Hadith-Traditions of Muhammads life
• 2)Sharia-Book of Islamic law based on teaching in
  the Quran Hadith
• 3)Some parts of the Jewish Christian
  Scriptures particularly the Torah, the Psalms,
  and the Gospel (story of the life of Jesus).
  Muslims believe that in their original form these
  were true, but over time some parts were changed
  and some inaccuracies came in.

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People of the Book

• Jews Christians are called People of the Book
  because they have holy books that are similar to
  the Quran. These religions are recognized as
  having a closer connection to Islam than other
  religions.

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Articles of Faith

• 1) One God, who is supreme, eternal, infinite,
  merciful (Allah is the word for God), the same
  God worshiped by Christians Jews. However,
  Muslims do not believe in a Trinity.
• 2) Angels beings of light who serve God.
• 3) Scriptures primarily the Quran, and to a
  lesser extent, Hadith, Sharia, parts of the
  Jewish and Christian Scriptures.

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Articles of Faith

• 4) Prophets Muhammad was the last most
  important. Other prophets include Ibrahim
  (Abraham), Moses and Jesus.
• 5) Resurrection At the end of the world, every
  human will be resurrected judged for whatever
  they have done. The innocent will stay in heaven,
  the guilty will go to hell.
• 6) Divine Will (Predestination) God knows
  everything, including what will happen. God has
  given humans free choice. However, He knows what
  they will choose.

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Islam-Worship other practices

• Mosque-Muslim place of worship
• Very little furniture people kneel on rugs
• A niche showing the direction toward Mecca
• No pictures of people or animals
• Prayer leader called an Imam, but no priests.

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Prayer

• Prayer can be at any time, in any place, using
  our own words and in any language, but there are
  formal prayers 5 times a day. The formal prayers
  are traditionally in Arabic.
• Traditionally the call to prayer was issued by a
  muezzin from a tall tower called a minaret
• The traditional way to pray is on a special
  prayer rug, after a ceremonial washing, facing
  Mecca.

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Dietary rules food and Drink

• Dietary rules
• Muslims do not eat pork or drink alcohol

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Other practices

• Modesty in dress
• Muslims are expected to be modest in their dress.
• Different individual Muslims interpret this
  differently.
• Some women wear the whole burqa, some wear the
  hijab (head scarf). Some dont wear the hijab,
  but they are still expected to be modest.
• Men are also expected to be modest

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Worship

• Worship on Friday at noon (Fri-Islam
  Sat-Judaism Sun-Christianity)
• Women at a Mosque usually pray in a separate
  area, often behind a screen
• People take off their shoes. They kneel on a rug
  for prayers. Traditionally they line up for
  prayers. Prayers involve kneeling and a sequence
  of motions.

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Jihad

• Means struggle against evil
• Greater Jihad-struggle with evil within oneself
• Lesser Jihad-struggle with evil in the world
• Often translated holy war, but this is a
  misunderstanding
• Corresponds to the word crusade in English

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Rightly Guided Caliphs the 1st 4 Caliphs-
632-661AD

• Muhammad died in 632AD
• Caliph successor of Muhammad, both political
  and religious leader.
• Caliphate-land ruled by a Caliph

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Abu Bakr-1st Caliph

• Upon the death of Muhammad in 632AD, the Muslim
  community chose Muhammads close friend Abu Bakr
  as their leader, or Caliph.
• A Caliph was a successor of Muhammad as the
  leader of the Muslim community.
• In his 2 years as Caliph, Abu Bakr spread Islam
  throughout Arabia
• Abu Bakr died in 634AD.
• Abu Bakr was the first of 4 Caliphs called the
  Rightly Guided Caliphs Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman,
  Ali

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Umar 634AD-644AD

• Chosen as 2nd Caliph.
• Led Muslim armies to quickly conquer more land,
  including Egypt, Palestine Syria, which had
  been part of the Byzantine Empire, and Iraq,
  which had been part of the Persian Empire.
• Reasons for success of the conquering Muslim
  armies
• Common faith
• Fast horse camel cavalry
• Old Empires, the Byzantine Empire Persian
  Empire, were weakening.

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Spread of Islam
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Rule of Conquered people

• Many people in the conquered lands chose to
  convert because of the simple message of one God
  (Allah) and the belief in the equality of all
  believers, regardless of race

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PEOPLE OF THE BOOK

• Jews and Christians are called People of the
  Book, because they have holy books similar to
  the Quran
• Judaism and Christianity were respected, and as
  Islam spread and became the official religion of
  many countries, they were not forced to convert.
• However, Jews and Christians were required to pay
  a special tax called the Jizrah.

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UTHMAN 644-656

• Chosen as 3rd Caliph
• Continued the conquests, conquering lands that
  had been part of the Byzantine Persian Empires
• Uthman was assassinated by rebels who believed he
  favored his own clan.
• .
•  

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ALI 656-661

• Ali was the son-in-law of Muhammad, the husband
  of Muhammads daughter Fatimah.
• Chosen as the 4th Caliph after the assassination
  of Uthman
• Muawiyah (a relative of Uthman) and his
  supporters were angry, because he believed that
  Ali and his supporters were involved in the
  assassination of Uthman. A civil war broke out.
• Ali was assassinated, and later Alis son Husayn
  was also assassinated

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SPLIT IN ISLAM

• Some Muslims wanted Muawiyah as the next Caliph
  and some did not. There was a civil war and a
  split in Islam
• Sunni
• Muslims who supported Muawiyah, Majority of
  Muslims
• they said any devout Muslim man was qualified to
  be Caliph, no preference to relatives of Muhammad
• Shiites (Shia)
• minority group that refused to acknowledge
  Muawiyah
• said the Caliph should be a relative of Muhammad
• .

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SPLIT IN ISLAM-continued

• Sufi-
• a 3rd sect of Islam that formed later.
• Sought union with God (Allah) through mystical
  practices such as meditation and dance. The Sufi
  dancing features spinning
• Rabiah al Adawiyah was a famous Sufi poet
  (female)

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UMAYYAD DYNASTY 661AD-750AD

• Muawiyah, of the Umayya clan, was recognized as
  Caliph by the Sunni (majority of Muslims)
• Muawiya established the Umayyad dynasty, and
  leadership of the Muslim Empire became inherited
• Umayyad family moved the capital of the Muslim
  Empire from Medina to Damascus in Syria.

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Dome of the Rock, Temple Mount Jerusalem
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Umayyad Dynasty, continued

• Umayyad dynasty continued to spread Islam across
  North Africa, to the people called the Berbers.
• In 711AD, a Berber leader named Tariq led armies
  from North Africa into Spain, at the great rock
  that overlooks the strait between Africa
  Europe( strait-strait of Gibraltar the strait
  rock are named for him Jabal Tariq.
• Muslims conquered ruled Spain for several
  hundred years.
• There was a brilliant culture, centered at a city
  called Cordoba.
• Muslims of North Africa and Spain were sometimes
  called Moors.

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Expansion into Spain

• Muslims conquered ruled Spain for several
  hundred years.
• There was a brilliant culture, centered at a city
  called Cordoba.
• Muslims of North Africa and Spain were sometimes
  called Moors

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Jabal Tariq-Rock of Gibraltar
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Umayyad Dynasty-Europe strikes back!!

• Muslim armies attempted to advance north into
  France, They crossed the Pyrenees mountains into
  France.
• In 732AD , the invading Muslim army was defeated
  by the Frankish leader Charles Martel at the
  Battle of Tours.
• Thus Muslims ruled Spain but advanced no farther
  into Western Europe.

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End of Umayyad Dynasty

• Some Muslims began to think the Umayyad Caliphs
  were living in too much luxury
• 750AD There was a revolt led by Abu al Abbas, a
  member of the Abbasid clan. The Umayyad dynasty
  was overthrown
• All the remaining Umayyads were invited to a
  banquet, and slaughtered. One escaped and fled to
  Spain, where he set up a Umayyad dynasty in
  Spain.

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ABBASID DYNASTY 750AD-1258AD-Golden Age

• A new Muslim dynasty took control, called the
  Abbasid dynasty.
• Abbasid Caliphs ruled the Muslim Empire for
  several hundred years.
• 764AD Caliph al Mansur moved the capital to a
  new city, Baghdad, which became a city of great
  beauty and the center of brilliant Muslim
  culture. Golden Age of Islamic Culture.

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700s-800sAD-High point of Abbasid Dynasty-Golden
Age

• The high point of the Abbasid dynasty was from
  the 700sAD-800sAD, under Caliph Harun al Rashid,
  who was known for wealth and generosity, and his
  son, Caliph al Mamun.
• Baghdad was the center of trade and a brilliant
  culture

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Baghdad-Al Mamum-House of Wisdom

• Baghdad was the center of trade and a brilliant
  culture
• Science and mathematics flourished. A great
  center of learning, called the House of Wisdom,
  was established in Baghdad by Caliph al Mamun

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Abbasid Dynasty, continued

• Pieces began to break off from the main Muslim
  Empire ruled by the Abbasid Caliphate
• A Caliphate is a country ruled by a Caliph..
• Spain broke off, and a separate Caliphate was
  established there. Later Egypt broke off and
  established a separate Caliphate. Soon other
  pieces broke off.
• The main Muslim Empire continued to be ruled from
  Baghdad.

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WHO WERE THE TURKS?

• 900sAD-Nomadic people called the Turks from the
  steppes of central Asia moved into the Middle
  East. They converted to Islam
• Turks settled near Baghdad, and became soldiers
  for the Abbasid Caliph.
• Gradually, the Turks became more powerful, and
  the leader of the Turks, called the Sultan, had
  the real power and the position of Caliph became
  symbolic, but the Caliphate continued.

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The Crusades-A SUMMARY

• The Turks started taking over land in what is now
  Asia Minor, and the Byz. Emperor asked the Pope
  for help
• From 1095AD-1295AD, Christian knights fought a
  series of wars against the Turks other Muslims
  of the Middle East.
• Goals protect Byz. Empire gain control of the
  Holy land.
• The Christians won some victories, and
  temporarily gained control the Holy Land
  (including Palestine the city of Jerusalem
• 1100s A great Muslim leader named Saladin led
  Muslim forces in regaining Jerusalem.
• By 1295, all of the Holy Land (including
  Palestine Jerusalem) was again under Muslim
  control.

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CRUSADES-A LITTLE MORE DETAIL

• There were 8 main Crusades.
• In the 1st Crusade, the Christian Crusaders
  succeeded in capturing the Holy Land, including
  Jerusalem.
• They set up 4 kingdoms where Christians and
  Muslims lived side by side in uneasy peace for a
  time.

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Crusades-a little more detail

• Between the 2nd and 3rd Crusades, a Muslim leader
  named Saladin arose, rallied the Muslim forces,
  and took back Jerusalem.
• The 3rd Crusade was launched to try to get
  Jerusalem and the surrounding land back in
  Christian hands.
• Leader of the Crusaders King Richard of England
  Leader of the Muslims Saladin

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A little more about the Crusades

• The 3rd Crusade ended in a treaty. Jerusalem
  would remain in Muslim hands, and several other
  cities would remain in Christian hands.
  Christians would be allowed to visit holy places
  in Jerusalem.
• Unfortunately, the Crusades didnt end here.
  After the deaths of Saladin and Richard, both
  sides broke the treaty and they were fighting
  again.

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END RESULT OF THE CRUSADES

• By 1295, at the end of the Crusades, all the Holy
  Land was back in Muslim hands.

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MORE TROUBLE-THE MONGOLS

• In 1258, Mongols under Hulagu Khan, a grandson of
  Genghiz Khan, invaded and destroyed much of
  Baghdad. This ended the Abbasid Caliphate.
• .

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Ottoman Turks

• The Ottoman Turks were a later group of Turks
  that gained power and established an empire. The
  Ottoman Turks expelled the Mongols, and took
  control of the Middle East.
• The Empire of the Ottoman Turks became the
  dominant power in the Middle East
• The Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople in
  1453, renamed it Istanbul, and it became the
  capital of the Ottoman Empire.

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TRADE in the Muslim Empire

• Trade was very important in the Muslim world
  Arabs had been traders for centuries. Muhammad
  had been a trader.
• Muslim Empire located between Europe, Africa
  Asia.
• Goods produced and sold included woven tapestries
  and carpets, steel swords (from Damascus Toledo
  in Spain), Jewelry, perfume, spices fine leather
  goods

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EXCHANGE OF IDEAS

• Muslims exchanged ideas with other cultures, as
  well as trading with them.
• Many Europeans of the Middle Ages regarded the
  Muslim world as more advanced in science in
  areas like banking commerce.
• Muslim ideas came into Europe from Spain and
  Sicily, which were the parts of the Muslim world
  with which Europeans had the most contact.
• Often Jewish scholars, who had contact with both,
  carried the ideas of Muslim scholars into Europe.
  

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GOVERNMENT

• At first, there was one Muslim Empire, with one
  Caliph
• During the Abbasid Dynasty, Spain and later Egypt
  North Africa broke off. So there were 3
  Caliphates, with 3 Caliphs, one in Baghdad, one
  in Cordoba (Spain) and one in Cairo (Egypt)
• There was no separation of government and
  religion. All Muslims followed the Quran and
  the Sharia, which was the book of laws based on
  the teachings of Islam

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Government, Society Daily life

• There was no separation of government and
  religion. All Muslims followed the Quran and
  the Sharia, which was the book of laws based on
  the teachings of Islam
• The Quran Sharia gave detailed instructions on
  how society should be organized, and how people
  should live their daily lives.

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Society

• Slavery was common, but followed rules A Muslim
  could not take another Muslim as a slave.
• However, if a slave converted to Islam after
  he/she had been made a slave, he/she was not set
  free, but his/her children would be free.
  children of the master with a female slave were
  free
• Quran encouraged but did not require Muslims to
  free slaves, and required them to treat slaves
  humanely

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Society-family

• Family was the core of Muslim daily life
• Respected the elderly
• Everyone in the family had roles duties
  father- to support the family mother to care for
  the home and children
• Marriages were usually arranged, but both the man
  and woman had the right to refuse.
• The husband was required to give the wife a
  marriage gift of property or money.
• Men could have up to 4 wives, but had to support
  them all equally

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Society-Women

• Quran improved the status of women gave them
  more rights than under traditional Arabic law
• Rights of women right to an education to
  inherit and own property if she was divorced,
  she kept her property and could remarry.
• Later, in some Muslim cultures, women began to be
  secluded and lost some rights, but this was
  because of culture, not religion.

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Society-Education

• The family and the mosque usually took
  responsibility for education
• The ability to speak well was important
• The ability to read was encouraged, so one could
  read the Quran
• Many people memorized large portions, or all, of
  the Quran
• Some governments supported schools libraries,
  including advanced schools for science, medicine,
  math law

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Sciences

• As they conquered lands and traded, Muslims got
  ideas from many places, including
• India-Mathematics Astronomy
• China-paper making
• Greece (Byzantine Empire)-Ancient Greek
  Philosophy science. Also architecture (domes,
  etc).
• Muslims built on these ideas, added many new
  ones, and excelled at science, medicine and math

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Medicine

• Built on the work of Greek Byzantine physicians
• Muslim physicians
• Developed and prepared medical drugs, developed
  techniques, such as distillation
• Used dissection to study anatomy
• Learned to correctly diagnose many diseases
• Muslim medical practices were much more advanced
  than in Europe at the time.

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Medicine In Baghdad

• Baghdad
• Doctors had to pass an examination.
• Worlds first school of pharmacy
• One of the worlds first public hospitals

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Al Qasim

• Abu al-Qasim
• Practiced in Cordoba, Spain
• Developed surgical techniques
• Invented about 200 surgical instruments,
  including scalpels, forceps, a better needle, use
  of catgut for stitching.
• Wrote illustrated one of the most important
  books on surgical techniques.

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Medicine famous doctors.

• Al Razi
• chief physician at hospital in Baghdad in 900s
  first to study and clearly describe smallpox and
  measles

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IBN SINA

• Ibn Sina
• Persian. wrote Canon of Medicine , the most
  important medical book used for hundreds of years
• Called Avicena by Europeans.

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Geography

• Studied Greek Byzantine maps improved them
• Al-Idrisi sent people to other countries, had
  them draw maps, and then combined them to make
  larger, more accurate maps
• Adopted and improved a Greek invention called the
  astrolabe which allowed observers to determine
  the angle of the sun or stars above the horizon,
  and then this information was used to determine
  latitude.

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Map of Al Idrisi (Europe, North Africa, Asia)
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http//www.astrolabes.org/mariner.htm
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MATH

• Arabic numerals
• About 800AD, Muslim traders learned a new number
  system from India, in which any number could be
  expressed using the digits 0-9. The numbers also
  had place value. This was the ancestor of our
  number system.
• When Europeans learned this system from Muslims,
  they called this number system Arabic numerals

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Math, continued

• Al-Khwarizmi developed algebra as we know it. He
  called it al-jabralgebra--which means restoring
  an unknown.

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Islamic Art

• The Quran forbids using images to show God.
• Islamic teaching also discourages pictures of
  humans or animals in religious art (they were
  permitted in purely non-religious art).
• Muslim artists developed forms of art that did
  not involve people or animals
• Calligraphy-beautiful writing of Arabic verses
  from the Quran
• Arabesque-geometric floral designs for
  decoration

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Calligraphy- beautiful writing, usually arabic
writing from the Quran
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Calligraphy
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Calligraphy
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Calligraphy
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Arabesque
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Arabesque
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Arabesque
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Rugs, including Prayer Rugs

• Prayer Rugs are used for kneeling in prayer 5
  times a day
• Placed on the floor so the arch in the design
  points toward Mecca
• Also elaborate rugs and carpets were woven and
  used for non-religious purposes.

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Architecture-Mosques

• Architecture became one of the greates forms of
  Islamic Art
• Inspired by Byzantine Architecture
• Included mosques, palaces, libraries, but the
  most famous examples were mosques

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Mosques

• The first mosques were modeled after Muhammads
  private courtyard in Medina, where he led
  community prayer
• The early mosques were simple, open courtyards,
  but gradually became more elaborate
• Often mosques were used not only as religious
  centers, but also as community centers and
  schools.

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Mosques

• Interior
• Large space for prayer-very little furniture
• Niche that faces Mecca
• Exterior
• Minarets towers
• Dome on top (often, but not always)

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Literature

• Quran itself is beautiful literature
• Islamic writers also produced beautiful poetry
• Most famous collection of stories 1001 Nights

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The Thousand and One Nights

• Main story-Scheherazade uses talent for telling
  to avoid being executed by the cruel Sultan
• Stories within the story include Aladdin,
  Sinbad, Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves

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Mosques-Great Mosque of Cordoba, Spain
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Blue Mosque - Istanbul
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Blue Mosque - Istanbul
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Blue Mosque