Islam-Submission to Allah

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ISLAM Submission to the Will of Allah
By Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS
Chappaqua, NY
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The Judeo-Christian Foundations of Islam
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Islam?An Abrahamic Religion

• Muslims are strict monotheists.
• They believe in the Judeo- Christian God,
  which they call Allah.
• Muslims believe that the Torah and the Bible,
  like the Quran, is the word of God.

Peoples of the Book
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Abrahams Genealogy
ABRAHAM
SARAH
HAGAR
Isaac
Ishmael
12 Arabian Tribes
Esau
Jacob
12 Tribes of Israel
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The Prophetic Tradition
Adam
Noah
Abraham
Moses
Jesus
Muhammad
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The Qur'an God's Last Revelation
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The Origins of the Quran

• Muhammad received his first revelation from
  the angel Gabriel in the Cave of Hira in 610.
• 622 ? Hijrah ? Muhammed flees Mecca for
  Medina. The beginning of the
  Muslim calendar (1 A.H.)
• Muhammads revelations were compiled into the
  Quran after his death.

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The Quran

• Muslims believe it contains the word of God.
• 114 suras (chapters).
• In the name of Allah, the compassionate,
  the merciful.
• Written in Arabic.

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The Five Pillars of Islam
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1. The Shahada

• The testimony.
• The declaration of faith

There is no god worthy of worship except God,
andMuhammad is HisMessenger or Prophet.
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2. The Salat

• The mandatory prayers performed 5 times a
  day dawn noon late
  afternoon sunset before going
  to bed
• Wash before praying.
• Face Mecca and use a prayer rug.

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2. The Salat

• The call to prayer by the muezzin in the
  minaret.
• Pray in the mosque on Friday.

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3. The Zakat

• Almsgiving (charitable donations).
• Muslims believe that all things belong to
  God.
• Zakat means both purification and growth.
• About 2.5 of your income.

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4. The Sawm

• Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan.
• Considered a method of self- purification.
• No eating or drinking from sunrise to sunset
  during Ramadan.

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5. The Hajj

• The pilgrimage to Mecca.
• Must be done at least once in a Muslims
  lifetime.
• 2-3 million Muslims make the pilgrimage
  every year.

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5. The Hajj

• Those who complete the pilgrimage can add
  the title hajji to their name.

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The Dar al-Islam
The Worldof Islam
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Islamic Way of Life

• Sunna- well-trodden path the way of living
  based on the ways and customs of Muhammad
• The Hadith- sayings of the prophet
• Jihad- to struggle inner struggle for
  righteousness / self-defense against aggression
  and persecution

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The Mosque

• The Muslim place of worship.

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The Dome of the Rock Mosque in Jerusalem
Mount Moriah Rockwhere Muhammad ascended into
heaven.
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Other Islamic Religious Practices

• Up to four wives allowed at once.
• No alcohol or pork.
• No gambling.
• Sharia ? body of Islamic law to
  regulate daily living.
• Three holiest cities in Islam Mecca,
  Medina, Jerusalem.

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Essential Question
Why was Islam able to spread so quickly and
convert so many to the new religion?
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Spread of Islam
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The Spread of Islam

• Easy to learn and practice.
• No priesthood.
• Teaches equality.
• Non-Muslims, who were Peoples of the Book,
  were allowed religious freedom, but paid
  additional taxes.
• Easily portable ? nomads trade routes.
• Jihad (Holy Struggle or Holy War)

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Muhammad dies in AD 632

• Never claimed to be divine
• Followers didnt separate religious and political
  authority

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Who would lead?

• Abu Bakr ? Muhammads father-in-law

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Caliphs

• appointed as successors to Muhammad
• Administrative
• Military
• Judicial
• Prayer
• Not as a prophet

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Three main eras in history of Caliphate
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632-661The Four "Rightly-Guided" Caliphs

• 'Abu Bakr, 'Umar, 'Uthman, 'Ali
• Original followers and companions of Muhammad.
• Arab armies march from victory to victory
• Expansion to Palestine, Middle-East, Persia,
  North Africa

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Early Problems

• Succession ?
• Mohammed had no surviving male children
• Daughter Fatima
• Son-in-law Ali, child of his uncle
• generated a permanent split in the Islamic
  community
• Sunnis
• Shias

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Sunni Shiite

• Original political split arose over succession of
  the office of Khalif
• Ali, was the fourth Khalif, assassinated and
  replaced by the Umayyad dynasty
• There had always been a faction that believed
  'Ali should have been the first Khalif.
• Majority group (Approximately 89) continued to
  support the "mainstream" line of Khalifs.
• Came to be known Sunnis, followers of the "sunna"
  (custom) of the Prophet as it is practiced and
  interpreted by the Islamic community.
• considered themselves the orthodox followers of
  Mohammed.
• Dissenters The Shia ("faction") of Ali.

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Comparing Traditions within Islam
Sunni Shiite
Caliph not a religious leader 90 Admiration of martyrs Believed the office of caliph should only be held by descendents of Ali (a direct descendent of Muhammad and divinely inspired) Most live in Lebanon, Iran, Iraq and Yemen
Belief in one true God Quran Hajj to Mecca Belief in one true God Quran Hajj to Mecca
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661-750The 'Umayyad Dynasty

• Centered in Damascus, Syria
• Massive translation of Greek and Indian writings
• Military character
• Time of expansion to Spain in West, India in
  East
• 732? pushed into Europe? BATTLE OF TOURS

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750-1258The 'Abbasid Dynasty

• Descended from Muhammad's uncle al-'Abbas.
• Centered in Baghdad, Iraq.
• Persian-style absolute monarchy.
• With over 2 million, Baghdad becomes a cultural
  center in the world (Golden Age)
• Science, art, architecture, learning, and wealth
  
• Lighted streets, public baths, public libraries
  and hospitals everywhere
• Fell to Seljuk Turks, then Mongols.

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The Golden Age of Muslim Civilization

• During the golden age of Muslim civilization,
  Muslims of many lands made advances in art,
  literature, and science.
• Muslim civilization adapted and greatly expanded
  the learning of other cultures

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  MUSLIM CIVILIZATION MUSLIM CIVILIZATION
Learning Translate writings of Greek philosophers Develop Algebra Observe Earth turning and measure its circumference Learning Translate writings of Greek philosophers Develop Algebra Observe Earth turning and measure its circumference Medicine Require doctors to pass difficult tests Set up hospitals with emergency rooms Study diseases and write medical books Medicine Require doctors to pass difficult tests Set up hospitals with emergency rooms Study diseases and write medical books
Art Use beautiful writing and patterns to decorate buildings and art Adapt Byzantine domes and arches Paint people and animals in nonreligious art Art Use beautiful writing and patterns to decorate buildings and art Adapt Byzantine domes and arches Paint people and animals in nonreligious art Literature Consider Quran most important piece of Arabic literature Chant oral poetry Collect stories from other people Literature Consider Quran most important piece of Arabic literature Chant oral poetry Collect stories from other people
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Cultural influences on Islam

• Persia
• Administration and governance
• literature
• India
• Mathematics, science, medicine
• Hindi numbers
• Greece
• Philosophy, esp. Aristotle
• Greek medicine

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Cultural Importance of Islam

• Development of these received influences
• Distribution throughout the Muslim world
• Introduction and reintroduction of these ideas to
  medieval Europe
• Through Spain
• Spanish Jews

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Muslims in the WorldToday
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Countries with the Largest Muslim Population
1. Indonesia 183,000,000 6. Iran 62,000,000
2. Pakistan 134,000,000 7. Egypt 59,000,000
3. India 121,000,000 8. Nigeria 53,000,000
4. Bangladesh 114,000,000 9. Algeria 31,000,000
5. Turkey 66,000,000 10. Morocco 29,000,000
Arabs make up only 20 of the total Muslim
population of the world.