Islam

1
Islam
Nairobi, Kenya
2
Islam 10-40 Window
The 10/40 Window is an area of the world that
contains the largest population of non-Christians
in the world. The area extends from 10 degrees to
40 degrees North of the equator, and stretches
from North Africa across to China. Most of the
people groups are Muslim and Folk Muslim
3
Islam World Status

• Islam 1.3 Billion
• 22 of world population
• Second largest world religion
• Christianity 32 (2 Billion)
• Hinduism 15
• Secular/Non-religious 14

4
Historical Development

• Muhammad
• Born 570 near Mecca
• Orphaned at age six and raised by his grandfather
  and then his uncle Abu Talib
• Grew up in idolatrous life and religious
  diversity
• Jews, Christians Zoroastrianism
• Hanif pious one worship one God
• Bible not in Arabic yet
• Most probably illiterate

5
Historical Development

• Muhammad
• Tradition of a journey to Syria with his uncles
  caravan (582)
• Prophecy of a Syrian monk, Bahira
• Mark of prophet between shoulder blades, dont
  let the Jews know
• Married a wealthy widow (Khadija) and prospered
  in trade

6
Historical Development

• Mohammad First vision to the Hijra (610-22)
• First revelation 610
• While meditating in a cave on the Mount of Light
  overlooking the plain of Arafat outside Mecca
• Gabriel spoke to him and said Recite.
• Became a uncompromising prophet

7
Historical Development

• Mohammad First vision to the Hijra (610-22)
• Began his prophetic work in Mecca
• Arabia Main thoroughfare for commerce, lots of
  contact with other peoples and religions
• Mecca Major oasis for trade, 360 idols in
  temple
• On entrance could see Allahs three sensuous
  daughters (al-Lat, al-Manat, and al-Uzza)
• Kaba (cube) cubed shaped shrine dedicated to the
  main God of the shrine, Hubal. Built into the
  side was a meteorite, sacred from heaven.
• Sacred well of Zamzam

8
Historical Development

• Mohammad First vision to the Hijra (610-22)
• Three primary points of his message
• Oneness of God - there is only one God to whom
  people must submit (tawid oneness)
• Warner - the day of judgment is coming to judge
  whether people obeyed God or not
• Care for orphans and elderly
• Hijra (Emigration) to Ethiopia (615)
• Protection of Christian nation because of
  persecution

9
Historical Development

• Mohammad First vision to the Hijra (610-22)
• Compromise (Satanic verses)
• At this time he was under a lot of pressure to
  compromise with the Meccan polytheistic ways
• Gave recognition to other deities in Sura 53
• Salman Rudhdies book, The Satanic Verses, based
  on the deleted phrase, Have you thought of
  al-Lat and al-Uza and Manat the third, the
  other? These are the exalted Gharaniq birds?
  whose intercession is approved.
• Now reads Have ye seen Lat and Uzza and another
  the third, Manat? What! For you the male sex,
  and for Him, the female? Behold, such would be
  indeed a division most unfair! These are nothing
  but names which ye have devisedye and your
  fathersFor which Allah has sent down no
  authority.
• Not a Christian source as only comes from Muslim
  sources
• Muslim writer Al-Tabari (923) argued Satan put it
  on Muhammads tongue
• Some deny its existence or interjected by
  bystanders

10
Historical Development

• Mohammad First vision to the Hijra (610-22)
• Death of Khadija and his Uncle (619)
• Protection by his uncle as clan leader now gone
• New leader Abd al-Uzza ibn Abd al-Muttalib or
  nickname Abu Lahab (Father of Flames)
• Negative view of Abu Lahab and his wife in Sura
  111

11
Historical Development

• Mohammad First vision to the Hijra (610-22)
• Fled to Yathrib (Madina), is call the hijra
  (flight)
• After ten years had a sizable following
• Referred to their belief as Islam meaning
  submission to God, Muslims are those who
  submit to God
• Conflict with Mecca, 622 the city fathers of
  Mecca expelled them, they were bad for business
  at the shrines
• First contact with Yathrib (Madina)
• First oath of al-Aqaba (oath of women)
• Not bound to fight for Muhammad
• Second oath of al-Aqaba (622)
• Umma was born an independent Muslim community
• Islamic calendar is begun from this date anno
  hegirae (July 16, 622)

12
Historical Development

• Yathrib Hijra to the Submission of Mecca 622-630
• Madina (622)
• Attempted assassination of Muhammad by one man
  from each clan of the Quraysh tribe
• Escaped with Abu Bakr to Madina
• Set up home and first Mosque
• New name Madina al-Nabi (City of the prophet) or
  Madina
• Constitution
• Emigrants Muhammads followers from Mecca
• Helpers Muhammads followers from Madina
• Law codes for Arabs and Jews
• Freedom of religion if acknowledge his authority

13
Historical Development

• Yathrib Hijra to the Submission of Mecca 622-630
• Nakhla raid success and beginning of (624)
• Raided Meccan caravans that came near Madina
  (razzia caravan raiding a common practice
  between Arab groups)
• Nakhla raid took place during a sacred month so
  broke Arab tradition
• Muhammad announce a new revelation to justify it
  (Sura 2217)
• Cemented division between Meccans and Muhammad
• Raiding became a religious duty (Jihad),
  transcending Arab customs (Jihad to strive or
  struggle)
• More people were attracted to Muhammad

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Madina first community of Islam
Mecca captured by Muhammad and his forces in
A.D. 630
15
Historical Development

• Yathrib Hijra to the Submission of Mecca 622-630
• Battle of Uhud paradise to those killed in Jihad
  (625)
• Muhammad defeated because followers failed to
  follow his direction
• Idea became entrenched to if Muslims stay true to
  Islam they will succeed
• Failure is the loss of Allahs favor
• Promise of Paradise (Sura 3169 context of
  battle 3159)
• Also, promise of forgiveness of sins

16
Historical Development

• Yathrib Hijra to the Submission of Mecca 622-630
• Siege of Madina (627)
• Battle of the Ditch
• Not much of a battle as the cavalry could not go
  to the city because of ditch
• Water the issue and only available in the city so
  Meccans returned
• Massacre of Qurayza Jews
• Jews charged with leaking Muhammads plans
• 600-700 men beheaded property taken and women
  and children taken into slavery

17
Historical Development

• Yathrib Hijra to the Submission of Mecca 622-630
• Pilgrimage failure (628)
• Not welcomed so returned
• Captured Mecca and cleansed it of idol (630)
• Kaba was emptied of idols
• Submission of Mecca to Muhammads death 630-632
  (2 years)
• Battle of Hunayn defeat of Hawazin (630)
• Muhammads Greater Pilgrimage (March 632)
• Death of Muhammad (June 8, 632 )

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Kaba
19
Kaba
20
Historical Development

• Division of Islam
• Death of Muhammad caused a search for the new
  caliph (Caliph viceroy or successor to enforce
  Koran)
• No sons from wives, prophet allowed more (Sura
  3350)
• Two primary ones
• His son-in-law of his favorite daughter (Fatima),
  Ali ibn Abu Talib (Muhammads uncle, married his
  daughter)
• His father-in-law and close friend, Abu Bakr
• Father of Aisha, Muhammads favorite wife
• The majority preferred Abu Bakr
• General consensus (Sunna) chose Abu Bakr thus
  the Sunni branch -- Sunnites
• The minority (Shia) went with Ali Shiites

21
Historical Development

• Division of Islam - Four rightly guided Caliphs
• Abu Bakr (632-634)
• Follower of many years even to Madina
• Father-in-law to Muhammad, favorite wife Aisha
• Convinced people their allegiance was to Islam,
  not Muhammad
• Initiated the process of collecting Muhammads
  teachings which would eventually make-up the
  Quran

22
Historical DevelopmentFour Rightly Guided Caliphs

• Abu Bakr (632-634) Muhammads Viceregent

23
Historical DevelopmentFour Rightly Guided Caliphs

• Division of Islam - Four rightly guided Caliphs
• Umar (634-644)
• His daughter, one of Muhammads wives with him
  on the Hijra to Madina
• Accomplishments
• Times of prayer Details of the pilgrimage Rules
  related to Ramadan fast formalized Laid
  foundation for Sharia law
• Only five or six hundred out of 6,000 have any
  bearing on Sharia most of those are related
  to Kaba ritual and pilgrimage very little
  legislative material

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Historical DevelopmentFour Rightly Guided Caliphs

• Division of Islam - Four rightly guided Caliphs
• Umar (634-644)
• Accomplishments
• Holistic religion created
• New calendar begins with Hijra to Madina as year
  1 ( 622)
• Spread of Islam North Syria East
  Mesopotamia (Persian and Christian Byzantine gave
  way) West North Africa beyond Alexandria
• Umar murdered by poison probably by supporters
  of Ali ibn Abu Talib (Christian slave or Persian
  captive)

25
Historical DevelopmentFour Rightly Guided Caliphs

• Umar (634-644) Commander of the Faithful

26
Historical DevelopmentFour Rightly Guided Caliphs

• Division of Islam - Four rightly guided Caliphs
• Uthman (644-656)
• Umayyad clan from Mecca not a Hashmite like
  Muhammad and the first two Caliphs
• Accomplishments
• Islam continued to expand by war
• Plunder no longer kept by soldiers but revenues
  to go to Islamic state
• Uthman collected the sayings of Muhammad and
  issued the authoritative edition of the Quran.
• Cause more division as he appointed more Meccans
  to positions of power
• Appointed his nephew, Muawiya as governor of
  Syria
• Uthman stabbed to death

27
Historical DevelopmentFour Rightly Guided Caliphs

• Uthman (644-656) The Generous

28
Historical DevelopmentFour Rightly Guided Caliphs

• Division of Islam - Four rightly guided Caliphs
• Ali ibn Abu Talib (656-661)
• Son of Abu Talib, Muhammads uncle and married to
  Fatima, Muhammads daughter
• He had been view by many as the true successor
  from the beginning
• Defeated Aishas (Muhammads wife) army Battle
  of the Camel
• Muawiya brought an army
• Arbitration between the two but because Ali
  failed to take revenge for the murder of Uthman
  both became Caliphs
• Two Caliphs Ali and Muawiya
• After Alis death Muawiya leader and brings the
  beginning of the Umayyad Caliphate.

29
Historical DevelopmentFour Rightly Guided Caliphs

• Ali ibn Abu Talib (656-661) Commander of the
  Faithful

30
Historical Development

• Succession Leading to Division of Islam
• Sunni
• Abu Bakr (622-634) died of illness
• Muhammads father-in-Law
• Umar (634-644) poisoned
• Uthman (644-656) stabbed to death
• Shia branch begins
• Ali succeeded Uthman (656-661)
• Ali and Muawiyah armies arrayed against each
  other but when Ali sought to mediate the conflict
  his followers killed him
• Hashemite clan
• Muawiyah upholds Sunni branch (661-680)
• Muawiyah governor of Syria
• Umayyad clan caliphate last almost 100 years

31
Four Rightly Guided Caliphs

• 1st Abu Bakr (Muhammads father-in-law father
  of his favorite wife, Aisha, and follower of many
  years)
• 2nd Umar (his daughter had been one of
  Muhammads wives and he had been with him on the
  Hijra to Madina)
• 3rd Uthman (from Mecca and Umayyad clan not the
  Hashimite)
• 4th Ali ibn Abu Talib (son of Abu Talib,
  Muhammads uncle and married to Fatima,
  Muhammads daughter) Hashimite Clan

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Islams Main Divisions
The Quraysh Tribe
Umayyad Clan
Hashimite Clan
Line of son-in-law of Muhammad Abu Talib Ali
(656-661)
Three Rightly Guided Caliph Uthman
Minister Leader
Prophetic Authoritative
Thought comprimised with Umayyad by allowing
government positions
The Kharijis
Sufis
33
Historical Development

• Shia succession
• Ali succeeded by Hasan, grandson of Muhammad
• Husayn took up the mantle after Hasan abdicated
  and was shortly poisoned.
• Husayn battled the Sunni at Karbala in 680 but
  was defeated and his head thrown over the city
  wall
• The Shiites celebrate this day each year (10th
  day of Muharram) with reenactment and whipping
  themselves and may be a day of revenge (NOTE
  this was the day when the radicals took the U.S.
  embassy personnel hostage in Teheran on Nov. 4,
  1979).

34
Historical Development

• Shia succession
• Follow the line of Husayn
• Each successor receives the ilm designation
  of succession, nass- supernatural spiritual
  knowledge to carry on the prophetic leadership.
• Successors are called imams
• Can just refer to prayer leader in a Sunni mosque
• Also refers to the spiritual and political leader
  of the Shiites
• Imams interpretation of the Quran is considered
  infallible and may imply sinlessness.
• First three caliphs are cursed on Friday in the
  services at the mosque
• Further divisions according to how many Imams
  each division recognized.

35
Historical Development

• Shia succession - Twelvers (Imamites)
• Recognize twelve Imams of succession. The last
  is Muhammad al-Muntazar who disappeared at five
  years old and is said to live in concealment but
  will someday return to be known as the Mahdi
  and establish universal Islamic rule.
• Until the Mahdi Imams rule as caretakers
• Hierarchy
• Imam has divine guidance and infallible
• Ayatollahs (limited number) authority over
  shia community and gives legal decisions on
  their own knowledge of the law
• Mullahs (many) teachers of law
• Imams decisions on any issue, religious, social,
  or political is binding.
• Majority of Iran (90) and Iraq (63 Sunni 34)
• Lebanon (36, Sunni 22)

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Leadership of Islam
Muhammad 570-610
Sunni Abu Bakr (622-634) Umar (634-644) Uthman
(644-656) 1st Umayyad
Shia

• Twelvers (Imamites)
• Ali (656-661)
• Hasan (d. 669)
• Husayn (d. 680)
• Alizain-al-Abidin (d. 712)
• Muhammad-al-Bakir (d. 731)

Maawiya (661-680) Umayyad Dynasty (661-750)
5. Zaid Zaidites
6. Jafar-al-Zadiq (d. 765) 7. Musa-al-Kazim (d.
797)
Abbasid Dynasty (750-909)
8. Ali-al-Rida (d. 818) 9. Mhuammad-al-Mawad (d.
835) 10. Ali-al-Hadi (d. 868) 11. Hasan-al-Askari
(d. 847) 12. Muhammad-al- Muntazar (d. 878)
7. Ishmail Ishmalites
Fatimids (909-1171)
Seljuk Turks (1055-1243) Saladin and
Mamelukes Ottoman Turks (1326-1917)
Four rightly guided Caliphs
37
Historical Development

• Shia succession
• Fivers (Zaidites)
• Smaller group located primarily in Yamen
• Less radical
• Seveners (Ismailites)
• Most radical theologically
• Found in India, Pakistan and East Africa
• True seventh imam was Ismail, incarnation of
  Allah which unacceptable to other Muslims.
• It was Ismail who went into concealment and will
  return
• Ascendancy over all of Islam through the Fatimid
  dynasty from 909 to 1171

38
Historical Development

• Sunni succession
• Umayyads (661-750)
• Sunni leadership represented the majority of
  Muslims.
• The Umayyad tribe kept leadership until A.D. 750
  with its capital at Damascus.
• Empire included all the Middle East extending
  through Persia (Iran), Egypt, North Africa, and
  Spain.
• Lull in divisional strife
• Frequent attempts to capture Constantinople
• Into Europe through Spain stopped in France
• Dynasty falls after civil war with Muhammads
  uncle al-Abbas

39
Historical Development

• Umayyads (661-750)

40
Historical Development

• Sunni succession
• Abbasid Dynasty to (750-909)
• Baghdad the center
• High luxury from conquests
• Revival of the true faith
• Height of the culture
• Translated Egyptian, Persian, Greek and Roman
  works
• Fatimids Shiite (909-1171)
• Seljuk Turks
• Saladin and Mamelukes
• Ottoman Truks to 1917

41
Historical Development

• Abbasid Dynasty to (750-909)

42
Historical Development

• Islam Today Sunni and Shia Map

43
Islam Worldview
44
Islam Transcendent Worldview

• World created by a sovereign transcendent God
• God rewards and punishes
• God demands submission and obedience
• God not influenced by His creation
• People exist in obedience to God
• Linear material world to eternal existence

45
Islam Spiritual Reality

• Ultimate reality
• Allah, Referred to in the plural (We, Us, Our)
• Referred to as Lord, The One, The Mighty, The
  Powerful, The King, The Overcomer, The Avenger,
  The Dominator, The Slayer, The Provider, The
  Compassionate, The Merciful, The Forgiving, Also
  presented as loving
• Ninty-nine names for God
• Described as
• Absolute unitary (31, 4, 16 6101-102 161-3
  2122 251-2 374-5 739 1121-4)
• All-seeing (659, 103 1825) All-hearing
  (2257 445)
• All-speaking (18109 3126)
• All-knowing (227 658 3122 3354 587-8)
• All-willing, i.e. irresistible (635 1333
  162, 9 7631 8516) All-powerful (219
  3159 5516-17)

46
Islam Spiritual Reality

• Allah, Referred to in the plural (We, Us, Our)
  The Quran like the Holy Bible, uses plural
  pronouns for God.
• Surah al-Anbiya 21104-107 And We did not send
  you (O Muhammad) except as a mercy to the world.
• This is part of the tidings of the things unseen,
  which We reveal unto thee (O Apostle!) by
  inspiration You were not with them when they
  cast lots with arrows, as to which of them should
  be charged with the care of Mary Nor were you
  with them when they disputed (the point). S. 344
  Y. Ali
• And no soul can die except by ALLAH's leave, - a
  decree with a fixed term. And whoever desires the
  reward of the present world, WE will give him
  thereof and whoever desires the reward of the
  Hereafter, WE will give him thereof and WE will
  surely reward the grateful. S. 3145 Shakir

47
Islam Spiritual Reality

• Spiritual beings
• Angels (malak)
• Devil (Iblis)
• Demons (jinns)
• Type of spiritual existence
• Heaven sensual joy (5217-22 5612-23)
• Garden of Felicity (3743)
• Young beautiful chaste women (3748 5220
  5622 5572 4454)
• Hell torment and punishment (1434 1828
  2076)
• Relationship to humanity
• Generally transcendent
• Not personal
• Sovereign

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Five Pillars of Islam
CONFESSION
PRAYER
ALMSGIVING
FASTING
PILGRIMAGE
Angels Spirits
God
Prophets
Books
Judgment
Decrees
Primary Beliefs
49
Islam Physical World

• Belief system Five Pillars
• Mainly about practice Five Pillars are
  Essential but not exhaustive.
• Confession (shahada)
• There is no God but God, and Muhammad is the
  apostle of God.
• Speaking this confession and meaning it is all
  one needs to do to become a Muslim
• First step to salvation but no guarantee

50
Islam Physical World

• Belief system Five Pillars
• Prayer (salat)
• Five times a day
• Call to prayer at appropriate time by muezzin
• Now have an i-phone that reminds them of the time
  for prayer and which direction Mecca is.
• Anywhere but preferably in a Mosque for men
• Ritual washing before prayer
• Wash hands, feet, eyes, ears, nose, mouth
• Avoid bodily excretions and opposite sex

51
Islam Physical World

• Belief system Five Pillars
• Prayer (salat) video
•  Main hall for prayer by putting head to floor
• Women in balcony or backroom
• Niche in main room indicated direction of Mecca
  but originally toward Jerusalem, change after
  conflict with Jews at Medina
• Pulpit and Quran on a stand
• Remove shoes before entering hall
• Pray rug put down sanctifies the spot
• Stand in rows and get in different positions as
  called out by prayer leader
• After prayer people greet each other
• Friday has prayer sermon for family worship

52
Islam Physical World

• Belief system Five Pillars
• Fasting (sawm)
• During month of Ramadan
• Muhammad received his first revelation during
  that month
• Sunup to sundown
• No sexual relations
• Not a sip of water
• Eid-al-fitr special service first day after
  Ramadan with mosque service, families decorate
  home and exchange presents.

53
Islam Physical World

• Belief system Five Pillars
• Almsgiving (zakat)
• Practice regular charity according to the Quran
  but not specified how
• In the sharia the commandment has been
  formalized and may be an obligation, 1/40 of net
  profit or 2.5.

54
Islam Physical World

• Belief system Five Pillars
• Pilgrimage (hajj)
• If possible, a Muslim should travel to Mecca at
  least once.
• The last month of the Islamic calendar is set
  aside for the pilgrimage.

55
Islam Physical World

• Belief system Five Pillars
• Pilgrimage (hajj)
• Other holy cities
• Medina Muhammad buried there
• Jerusalem Muhammad ascended into heaven there
  once Dome on the Rock marks the spot
• Shiites have Qum and Karbala
• May pilgrimage to graves of holy men
• Someone can go in anothers place
• After going receives and honorary title, hajji
  and may have his house marked some way and wear
  some symbol, e.g. different hat

56
Islam Physical World

• Belief system Five Pillars
• Pilgrimage (hajj) Seven Stages
• Preparation arrival at Jidda on coast and
  purity washing Men shave their heads and wear
  two triangular pieces of cloth.
• Tawaf entering Mecca and walking around the
  Kaba seven times ending with touching the sacred
  meteorite stone.
• Running between Marwa and Safa where Hagar ran
  until an angel provided water. The grand mosque
  incorporates this sight with a long hallway.
  Conclude by drinking at the well of Zamzam.

57
Islam Physical World

• Belief system Five Pillars
• Pilgrimage (hajj) Seven Stages
• Assemble at Plain of Arafat at foot of Mt. of
  Mercy where Muhammad delivered his last sermon.
  From afternoon till sunset stand meditating
  praying and reading Quran (high point of hajj)
• Sacrifice at Mina sacrifice a sheep or goat and
  have a feast. It commemorates Abrahams
  sacrifice of an animal in place of Ishmael (note
  not Isaac).
• Stoning the devil throw nine rocks at three
  pillars representing the devil.
• Final tawaf back in Mecca to walk around Kaba
  one time to complete pilgrimage.

58
Islam Primary Beliefs

• Oneness of God
• Angels Spirits
• Prophets
• Books
• Judgment
• Decrees of God

59
Islam Primary Beliefs

• Oneness of God
• There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is the
  messenger (prophet)
• Historical origin points to Allah as God of
  Abraham
• Theologically Allah may not be same
• Unitarian, no trinity
• God is mostly transcendent
• To identify God with any finite or created being
  is shirk (idolatry)

60
Islam Primary Beliefs

• Oneness of God
• Blessed be He who has sent down salvation upon
  His servant, that he may be a warner to all
  beings to whom belongs the Kingdom of the
  heavens and the earth and He has not taken to
  Him a son, and He has no associate in the Kingdom
  (Surah 252).
• Say He is God, One, God, the Everlasting Refuge
  who has not begotten, and has not been begotten
  and equal to Him is not anyone (Surah 112)

61
Islam Primary Beliefs

• Power of God
• Omnipresent, Omniscient, Omnipotent Creator of
  the universe
• Surely your Lord is God, who created the heavens
  and the earth in six days then sat Himself upon
  the Throne, covering the day with the night it
  pursues urgently and the sun, and the moon, and
  the stars subservient, by His command. Verily,
  His are the creation and the command. Blessed be
  God, the Lord of all Being (Surah 754).
• Is also characterized as by justice and mercy

62
Islam Primary Beliefs

• Angels Spirits
• Gabriel and three other archangels and many other
  angels (malak)
• Evil spirits (jinn) lead by the devil
• Cause physical harm
• Tempt to compromise obedience to Allah
• Folk Islam more concerned with keeping evil
  spirits away

63
Islam Primary Beliefs

• Prophets
• At times God reveals his will to prophets because
  they have overcome their struggle with sin.
• Directed by Gods inspiration
• Prophet is an apostle if he provides a book for
  his community.
• Prophet preaches submission to the one God and
  the coming judgment.

64
Islam Primary Beliefs

• Prophets
• Quran mentions some biblical prophets visited on
  his journey to heaven (seven levels)
• Adam
• Noah
• Abraham
• Moses
• David
• Jesus John the Baptist
• Line of prophets complete when the Mahdi returns
  to setup universal Islam
• Sunni Muslim most accepted is that Muhammad was
  the final prophet

65
Islam Primary Beliefs

• Books
• Prophets produce books
• Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians are people of
  the book
• People of the book upon paying taxes were
  protected in theory but not always in practice
  but Muhammad left room for their entrance into
  heaven

66
Islam Primary Beliefs

• Judgment
• Appointed day only God knows
• Trumpet will sound - General resurrection
• Everyone confronted with the deeds they have done
  in life.
• Righteous receive the book of their deeds in
  their right hand while the wicked in their left
  hand (unclean hand)

67
Islam Primary Beliefs

• Judgment
• Those who have submitted to Allahs will received
  heaven
• Allah is most gracious and merciful and may
  forgive devout people certain sins.
• Heaven and Hell physical pleasure and torment,
  highly sensual
• Garden of Felicity (3743)
• Young beautiful chaste women (3748 5220
  5622 5572 4454)
• Assurance of entry into heaven is considered
  presumptuous and dictating to God.

68
Islam Primary Beliefs

• Decrees of God
• Allah is sovereign
• Allahs will comes to pass
• Fairly deterministic
• Arguments over free will as to whether the
  sovereignty of God precludes free will

69
Islam Other Beliefs

• Categories of ethical actions
• Fard obligatory actions
• Haram prohibited actions, e.g. idolatry
• Halal permitted actions
• Diet
• Pork prohibited
• Alcohol prohibited
• Prohibitions
• Gambling
• Usury

70
Islam Other Beliefs

• Modesty of dress
• Both men and women
• The robes with only the eyes showing is not from
  the Quran
• Woman is not to dress in away that shows-off her
  beauty
• Interpretation requires her body be covered
  including arms and legs, hair and sides of face
  covered
• Men not to expose above elbows

71
Islam Other Beliefs

• Marriage and status of women
• Male dominate
• Can divorce by public statement three times,
  usually at different times, I divorce you.
• Do have a right to inheritance and cannot be
  divorced penniless
• Quranic practice and reality diverge

72
Islam Jihad

• Holy War (jihad- struggle on the behalf of
  God)
• Five principles of holy war
• Physical violence cannot be used to further Islam
• Islam is to be propagated by reason and
  persuasion
• Islamic country is justified in attacking if
  attacked.
• If a non-Islamic country uses physical force to
  repress the exercise of Islam it constitutes
  physical aggression
• Any country that was Islamic cannot revert, any
  attempt to do so can be met with a jihad.

73
Islam Jihad

• Islam and the view of humanity
• Dar al-Islam land of those who have submitted
  to Allah, Muslim community (umma).
• Dar al-harb land of war or conflict in which
  non-Muslims dwell
• Property of infidel belong to the umma Jihad
  seeks to reclaim all property and bring it into
  the Dar al-Islam (this is seen as the only godly
  way to bring harmony)

74
Islam Jihad

• Interpretations
• Struggle to bring their own hearts and lives in
  conformity to the will of God.
• Anyone not of Islam that is seen as a threat may
  bring a jihad to bear on it
• Interpretation can be that if the emissaries go
  to a country and ask them to join them and they
  refuse, then they are suppressing the spread of
  Islam.

75
Islam Jihad

• Martyrs
• Guaranteed a place in paradise
• Paradise a place of fulfilling desires
• Virgins promised (Sura 5547-59 3748 5217-20
  5617, 22)

76
Quran

• Sacred writings - Koran or Quran
• Uthman and his associates collected saying of
  Muhammad recorded by others
• Kept what was authentic and destroyed the rest
• That is the Quran even today
• Ultimate source of Islamic authority
• Given to Muhammad by angel Gabriel
• Earthly version of the heavenly book (um-al-kitab
  mother of all books)
• Muhammad was privileged to convey the earthly
  version with specific instructions.
• Only authoritative in Arabic, no translation can
  be authentic

77
Quran

• Content of Quran
• About the size of New Testament
• 114 chapters called suras divided into verses
  ayat
• Arranged from longer to shorter suras which does
  not put it in chronological order (closer to
  reverse order)
• All but one sura begins with in the name of
  Allah, the most gracious and most merciful.
• Many references to biblical materials (see sura 2
  on Adams sin)

78
Writings of Islam

• Sunna and hadiths
• Any issues not addressed by the Quran then the
  prophets life and informal sayings are the
  authority.
• Hadiths traditions which were collected in the
  first generation, these are sunna (consensus)
  hadiths point to Muhammads actual life as
  indications of how Muslims should act.

79
Sharia Law

• Sharia
• Quran and hadiths must be interpreted correctly
  therefore sharia developed Islamic law
• Four schools of law in Sunni Islam
• Shia is a fifth school where the Imam is the
  final point of authority and rejects the hadiths.

80
Sufism

• Sufism
• Mystical tradition
• Islamic mystics Sufis
• Arose in the 8th century
• Direct experience of Allah
• Famous Sufis Rumi Persian Poet and al-Ghazali
  who provided a comprehensive theology of Sufism
• Example whirling dervishes

81
Islam Christianity

• Christian references
• Dozens of references to Christ
• See him as a prophet
• Teaches his virgin birth (345-47)
• Speaks of his miracles (349)
• Mentions his ascension (4158)

82
Islam Christianity

• Christian references
• Two non-negotiable points on Jesus
• Jesus Christ cannot be God (5116)
• Polytheistic ideas
• Christ did not die on the cross (4157)
• God would not let his prophet suffer that way
• Reject substitutionary atonement as barbaric and
  contrary to the nature of God.
• Believe Jews were deceived in believing the
  crucified Jesus or actually crucified Simon of
  Cyrene.

83
Islam and Christianiy

• Trinity (Surah 4171)
• Against the concept of Trinity in the sense of
  tritheism
• Elevate Jesus from prophet to divine status
  (Surah 930, 31)
• Jesus was incorrectly elevated by people to
  divine status
• May be a reaction to adoptionism and Arianism
• belief that Jesus was born merely human and that
  he became divine later in his life
• Jesus was not of one substance with the Father
  and that there had been a time before he existed
• Surah 1937 the sects are divided concerning
  Jesus
• Son of Mary
• Equates worship of Mary and Christ

84
Islam and Christianiy

• Contact with Christianity?
• Nestorians who fled to Arabia (two natures of
  Christ not united)
• Monophysites who fled to Arabia (divine nature
  obliterates human nature)
• Chalcedon council (451) condemned heresies
• Allah begetting (Surah 1935 1123 723)
• Shirk (idolatry) passages (Surah 1711)
• Allah has no partner in his kingdom
• What does partner mean?
• Reaction to polytheism that may have been assumed
  to be a part of Christianity

85
Bridges to Muslims

• Prayer to God is highly valued
• God as the God of Abraham
• Importance of Isa (Christ and His teaching)
• Following the words of the prophets
• Judgment Day
• Spiritual realm
• Importance of family
• Hospitality
• Moral living as taught in the Bible
• Gods goodness, love, reliability, and care for
  his servants.

86
Biblical Themes thatAppeal to Muslims

• Prayer to God, for protection and healing
• Gods goodness, love, reliability, and care for
  his servants.
• Gods guidance of history towards good ends as he
  works through events to oppose evil, to train his
  servants in righteousness and truth, and to
  fulfill his good purpose for his people.
• The portrait of Jesus himself his kindness,
  devotion, wisdom, power, self-sacrifice and
  ongoing reign as Savior and King. (His death is
  and issue)

87
Biblical Themes thatAppeal to Muslims

• The love and forgiveness exhibited by true
  followers of Jesus.
• The offer of personal forgiveness and acceptance
  by God.
• The offer of assured and complete salvation from
  hell and acceptance into Gods kingdom.
• The offer of a personal relationship with the
  Lord, fully realized in the next life.
• The offer of inner cleansing and renewal through
  Gods power (role of Holy Spirit can raise issues)

88
Biblical Themes thatAppeal to Muslims

• The offer and example of grace to live a godly
  life through the strengthening and guidance of
  the God.
• Power to resist and repel Satan and evil spirits
  in Jesus name.
• Christian ethical standards

89
Suras 3350

• 50 O Prophet! surely We have made lawful to you
  your wives whom you have given their dowries, and
  those whom your right hand possesses out of those
  whom Allah has given to you as prisoners of war,
  and the daughters of your paternal uncles and the
  daughters of your paternal aunts, and the
  daughters of your maternal uncles and the
  daughters of your maternal aunts who fled with
  you and a believing woman if she gave herself to
  the Prophet, if the Prophet desired to marry
  her-- specially for you, not for the (rest of)
  believers We know what We have ordained for them
  concerning their wives and those whom their right
  hands possess in order that no blame may attach
  to you and Allah is Forgiving, Merciful.
• The Quran (M. H. Shakir, Ed.). Medford, MA
  Perseus Digital Library.

90
Suras 6101-103

• 101 Wonderful Originator of the heavens and the
  earth! How could He have a son when He has no
  consort, and He (Himself) created everything, and
  He is the Knower of all things. 102 That is
  Allah, your Lord, there is no god but He the
  Creator of all things, therefore serve Him, and
  He has charge of all things. 103 Vision
  comprehends Him not, and He comprehends (all)
  vision and He is the Knower of subtleties, the
  Aware.
• The Quran (M. H. Shakir, Ed.). Medford, MA
  Perseus Digital Library.

91
Suras 659

• 59 And with Him are the keys of the unseen
  treasures-- none knows them but He and He knows
  what is in the land and the sea, and there falls
  not a leaf but He knows it, nor a grain in the
  darkness of the earth, nor anything green nor dry
  but (it is all) in a clear book.
• The Quran (M. H. Shakir, Ed.). Medford, MA
  Perseus Digital Library.

92
Suras 21104-105

• 104 On the day when We will roll up heaven like
  the rolling up of the scroll for writings, as We
  originated the first creation, (so) We shall
  reproduce it a promise (binding on Us) surely
  We will bring it about. 105 And certainly We
  wrote in the Book after the reminder that (as
  for) the land, My righteous servants shall
  inherit it.
• The Quran (M. H. Shakir, Ed.). Medford, MA
  Perseus Digital Library.

93
Suras 5217-20

• 17 Surely those who guard (against evil) shall
  be in gardens and bliss 18 Rejoicing because of
  what their Lord gave them, and their Lord saved
  them from the punishment of the burning fire.
  19 Eat and drink pleasantly for what you did,
  20 Reclining on thrones set in lines, and We
  will unite them to large-eyed beautiful ones.
• The Quran (M. H. Shakir, Ed.). Medford, MA
  Perseus Digital Library.

94
Suras 3739-48

• 39 And you shall not be rewarded except (for)
  what you did. 40 Save the servants of Allah,
  the purified ones. 41 For them is a known
  sustenance, 42 Fruits, and they shall be highly
  honored, 43 In gardens of pleasure, 44 On
  thrones, facing each other. 45 A bowl shall be
  made to go round them from water running out of
  springs, 46 White, delicious to those who
  drink. 47 There shall be no trouble in it, nor
  shall they be exhausted therewith. 48 And with
  them shall be those who restrain the eyes, having
  beautiful eyes
• The Quran (M. H. Shakir, Ed.). Medford, MA
  Perseus Digital Library.

95
Suras 5615-22

• 15 On thrones decorated, 16 Reclining on
  them, facing one another. 17 Round about them
  shall go youths never altering in age, 18 With
  goblets and ewers and a cup of pure drink
  19 They shall not be affected with headache
  thereby, nor shall they get exhausted, 20 And
  fruits such as they choose, 21 And the flesh of
  fowl such as they desire. 22 And pure,
  beautiful ones,
• The Quran (M. H. Shakir, Ed.). Medford, MA
  Perseus Digital Library.

96
Suras 345-47

• 45 When the angels said O Marium, surely Allah
  gives you good news with a Word from Him (of one)
  whose name is the '. Messiah, Isa son of Marium,
  worthy of regard in this world and the hereafter
  and of those who are made near (to Allah).
  46 And he shall speak to the people when in the
  cradle and when of old age, and (he shall be) one
  of the good ones. 47 She said My Lord! when
  shall there be a son (born) to I me, and man has
  not touched me? He said Even so, Allah creates
  what He pleases when He has decreed a matter, He
  only says to it, Be, and it is.
• The Quran (M. H. Shakir, Ed.). Medford, MA
  Perseus Digital Library.

97
Suras 349

• 49 And (make him) a messenger to the children
  of Israel That I have come to you with a sign
  from your Lord, that I determine for you out of
  dust like the form of a bird, then I breathe into
  it and it becomes a bird with Allah's permission
  and I heal the blind and the leprous, and bring
  the dead to life with Allah's permission and I
  inform you of what you should eat and what you
  should store in your houses most surely there is
  a sign in this for you, if you are believers.
• The Quran (M. H. Shakir, Ed.). Medford, MA
  Perseus Digital Library.

98
Suras 4156-158

• 156 And for their unbelief and for their having
  uttered against Marium a grievous calumny.
  157 And their saying Surely we have killed the
  Messiah, Isa son of Marium, the messenger of
  Allah and they did not kill him nor did they
  crucify him, but it appeared to them so (like
  Isa) and most surely those who differ therein are
  only in a doubt about it they have no knowledge
  respecting it, but only follow a conjecture, and
  they killed him not for sure. 158 Nay! Allah
  took him up to Himself and Allah is Mighty,
  Wise.
• The Quran (M. H. Shakir, Ed.). Medford, MA
  Perseus Digital Library.

99
Suras 5116

• 116 And when Allah will say O Isa son of
  Marium! did you say to men, Take me and my mother
  for two gods besides Allah he will say Glory be
  to Thee, it did not befit me that I should say
  what I had no right to (say) if I had said it,
  Thou wouldst indeed have known it Thou knowest
  what is in my mind, and I do not know what is in
  Thy mind, surely Thou art the great Knower of the
  unseen things.
• The Quran (M. H. Shakir, Ed.). Medford, MA
  Perseus Digital Library.

100
Suras 4171

• 171 O followers of the Book! do not exceed the
  limits in your religion, and do not speak (lies)
  against Allah, but (speak) the truth the
  Messiah, Isa son of Marium is only a messenger of
  Allah and His Word which He communicated to
  Marium and a spirit from Him believe therefore
  in Allah and His messengers, and say not, Three.
  Desist, it is better for you Allah is only one
  Allah far be It from His glory that He should
  have a son, whatever is in the heavens and
  whatever is in the earth is His, and Allah is
  sufficient for a Protector.
• The Quran (M. H. Shakir, Ed.). Medford, MA
  Perseus Digital Library.

101
Suras 1935

• 35 It beseems not Allah that He should take to
  Himself a ! son, glory to be Him when He has
  decreed a matter He only says to it "Be," and it
  is.
• The Quran (M. H. Shakir, Ed.). Medford, MA
  Perseus Digital Library.