LABORATORIO DI INGLESE SPECIALISTICO

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• LABORATORIO DI INGLESE SPECIALISTICO
• FIGURES OF SPEECH CONTINUED. SOME GRAMMAR
  (RELATIVE CLAUSES - COMPARISON FORMS AND
  SUPERLATIVES

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• FIGURES OF SPEECH CONTINUED
• ANTONOMASIA
• THE SUBSTITUTION OF AN EPITHET OR APPELLATIVE,
  OR THE NAME OF AN OFFICE OR DIGNITY, FOR A
  PERSONS PROPER NAME.
• E.G. THE IRON DUKE OF WELLINGTON, HIS GRACE
  THE ARCHIBISHOP, AND SO ON.

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• ALSO, THE USE OF A PROPER NAME TO EXPRESS A
  GENERAL IDEA, e.g. CALLING AN ORATOR A CICERO A
  CASANOVA, A CASSANDRA, ETC.
• IT EXPLOITS METAPHOR AND SIMILITUDE.
• IT USES ALSO PERIPHRASES (OR CIRCUMLOCUTION)
• THE ATHENS OF THE NORTH EDINBURGH

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• CAN YOU GUESS THE SUBJECTS IN THESE EXAMPLES?
• THE DIVIDED CITY (some 15 years ago.)
• THE EMERALD ISLE / THE ETERNAL CITY
• THE IRON LADY / THE BIG APPLE
• HOW WOULD YOU NAME A LONG, COMPLEX JOURNEY, FULL
  OF EXPERIENCES?

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• ... AN ODYSSEY
• EUPHEMISM
• USED MAINLY IN FORMAL SPEECH. ITS AIM IS TO TONE
  DOWN THE IMPACT OF OFFENSIVE, EMBARASSING
  EXPRESSIONS OR PAINFUL SITUATIONS.
• USE OF ACRONYMS TO HIDE THE ACTUAL MEANING OF
  THE SINGLE WORDS.

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• C.W. CHEMICAL WEAPONS / PLWA PERSON LIVING WITH
  AIDS / OAP OLD-AGE PENSIONER
• ETHNIC CLEANSING GENOCIDE
• ELDERLY/ SENIOR CITIZENS OLD PERSON
• NEUTRALIZE KILL
• NON-PERFORMING ASSET LOAN, OR SOMETHING BAD
• KILLED BY FRIENDLY FIRE KILLED ACCIDENTALLY BY
  WEAPONS FIRED BY THEIR OWN SIDE
• BRACELETS HANDCUFFS
• A FAMILY A MAFIA GROUP
• TO PASS AWAY TO DIE
• EASY MONEY STOLEN OR ILLEGALLY GAINED MONEY

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• HYPERBOLE
• WORDS OR EXPRESSIONS THAT TEND TO EXAGGERATE SOME
  SITUATIONS OR ASPECTS OF REALITY.
• A FLOOD OF TEARS / TONS OF MONEY
• IVE GOT A THOUSAND AND ONE THINGS TO DO
• THE OFFICE WAS FLOODED WITH APPLICATIONS FOR THE
  JOB
• MILLIONS OF EXAMPLES

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• WHAT ARE THE FIGURES OF SPEECH TO REMEMBER?
• METAPHOR / METONYMY AND SYNECDOCHE
• SIMILITUDE / ANTONOMASIA
• EUPHEMISM / HYPERBOLE

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• EXAMPLES
• RED TAPE - TURKEY AN AWAKENING GIANT - A TONS
  OF FIASCOS - THE EMERALD ISLE - NEUTRALIZE -
  THE WOUNDED BEAR (RUSSIA) - DISCREET AS A
  TOMBSTONE - PUPPET GOVERNMENT - WHITE
  KNIGHT - WALL STREET - A FLOOD OF TEARS -
  BRACELETS

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• RELATIVE CLAUSES (WHO/WHICH/THAT)
• WHO OR THAT ARE USED IN A RELATIVE CLAUSE TO
  IDENTIFY PEOPLE
• HE HAS THE AIR OF A MAN WHO/THAT HAS DONE THIS
  MANY, MANY TIMES BEFORE
• WHICH OR THAT ARE USED FOR THINGS
• BOLDNESS AND VISION ARE QUALITIES THAT/WHICH ALL
  LEADERS SHOULD HAVE.

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• IF THE RELATIVE PRONOUN DEFINES THE SUBJECT OF
  THE SENTENCE, THEN IT MUST BE INCLUDED
• A COUNTERFEITER IS A PERSON WHO/THAT COPIES
  GOODS IN ORDER TO TRICK PEOPLE
• WHERE IS THE DOCUMENT WHICH/THAT WAS ON THE
  TABLE?

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• HOWEVER, IF WHO/THAT OR WHICH/THAT INDICATES THE
  OBJECT IN THE SENTENCE, THAN IT CAN BE OMITTED
• PEOPLE (WHO/THAT) WE EMPLOY ARE VERY HIGHLY
  QUALIFIED.
• HAVE YOU READ THE REPORT (WHICH/THAT) I LEFT ON
  YOUR DESK?

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• NON-DEFINING CLAUSES PROVIDE EXTRA INFORMATION
  ABOUT THE SUBJECT OR OBJECT OF A SENTENCE. THE
  SENTENCE STILL MAKES SENSE WITHOUT THIS
  INFORMATION THE EXTRA INFORMATION IS SEPARATED
  BY COMMAS.
• WHO (NOT THAT) IS USED FOR PEOPLE
• SIR LINDSAY, WHO TURNS 62 THIS MONTH, IS NOW THE
  CHAIRMAN.
• WHICH (NOT THAT) IS USED FOR THINGS
• JOHN TOLD ME ABOUT HIS NEW JOB, WHICH HES
  ENJOYING VERY MUCH.

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• COMPARISON AND SUPERLATIVES
• 1. The comparative and superlative forms of
  one-syllable adjectives are formed by adding er
  and est
• The country enjoys an advantage because of lower
  labour costs.
• All countries, including the poorest, have
  assets (beni, risorse).
• 2. We often use than after a comparative
• My salary is higher than yours.
• Johns car is more expensive than mine.

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• Adjectives of 3 ore more syllables have more and
  the most before the adjective itself
• Its more expensive than the old model. (COMP.)
• Its the most expensive model in the range.
  (SUPER.)
• The is normally used before a superlative. But
  possessives can be used instead of the
• The oldest car manufacturer in Italy / Italys
  oldest car manufacturer.

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• After a superlative we can use in or of. In
  is used for places and groups of people
• Its the most expensive hotel in Oxford.
• Who is the best player in the team?
• This question is the most difficult of all.
• August is the wettest month of the year.
• 4. After the superlative there is often a clause
• This is the best model we have ever produced.
• That was the most delicious meal (that) Ive ever
  eaten.

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• IRREGULAR FORMS
• Adj./Adv. Comparative
  Superlative
• good/well better
  best
• bad/badly worse
  worst
• far farther/further
  fartherst/furthest