Kingdom Protista

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Kingdom Protista

• Chapter 21

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What are Protists?

• Protists are eukaryotes that are not members of
  the Kingdoms Plantae, Animalia, or Fungi
• Protists are generally unicellular
• Protists can be heterotrophs, autotrophs, or
  decomposers

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Classification

• Protists are a very diverse groups of organisms
• Different groups of Protists evolved
  independently from archaebacteria
• Protists are generally classified by the way
  they obtain food. There are three main
  categories of Protists
• Animal-like (Protozoa)
• Plant-like (Algae)
• Fungus-like

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Animal-Like Protists (Protozoans)

• Classified by their method of movement.
• There are four phyla of Protozoans
• Zooflagellates
• Sarcodines
• Ciliates
• Sporozoans

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Zooflagellates

• Animal-like Protists
• Use Flagella to move
• Absorb food through their cell membrane
• Live in lakes, streams, and inside other organisms

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• Form the basis of many food chains
• Asexual reproduction by means of binary fission
• Ex. Giardia- water borne protozoa that causes
  severe intestinal distress
• Trichonympha helps termites digest wood

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Sarcodines

• Animal-like
• Use pseudopods for feeding and movement
• Asexual reproduction by means of binary fission
• Ex. Amoeba

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Ciliates

• Use Cilia for feeding and movement
• Cilia- short hairlike projections
• Found in lakes, streams, and oceans

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• Use self-defense mechanisms known as a trichocyst
• Reproduce by binary fission and conjugation
• Ex. Paramecium

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Sporozoans

• Do not move on their own
• Considered parasites
• Complex life cycle, involve more than one host
• Reproduce by sporozoites
• Attach to host, penetrate it, and live within it
• Ex. Pneumocystis carinii. causes pneumonia in
  AIDS patients
• Plasmodium vivax causes malaria

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Diseases

• Some animal-like protists cause serious diseases,
  including malaria and African sleeping disease
• Malaria
• 300-500 million people suffer from Malaria
• 2 million die each year
• Plasmodium causes malaria
• Female Anopheles Mosquito is the carrier

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Malaria Life-cycle
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Other Diseases

• Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma gondii
• - Caused by eating raw meat
• - May become infected through the
• handling of cat litter boxes
• - Symptoms are similar to the flu.
• - Especially hazardous to pregnant women,
  may cause eye damage in the fetus

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More Diseases

• African Sleeping sickness
• Fatal
• Caused by the bite of a
• tsetse fly
• Amebic Dysentery
• Causes severe diarrhea

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Plantlike Protists

• Contains green pigment chlorophyll
• Carries out photosynthesis
• Highly mobile

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Euglenophytes

• Plantlike
• Two flagella
• Has eyespot
• Helps find sunlight
• No Cell Wall, but has a pellicle
• Ex. - Euglena

eyespot
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Dinoflagellates

• Can be both heterotroph and autotrophs, some are
  both at the same time
• Two flagella causes to move in a spiral motion
• Asexual reproductions by binary fission

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Red Algae

• Able to live at great depth due to their
  efficiency in harvesting light energy
• Contain Chlorophyll a and phycobilins ( absorb
  blue light)
• Multicelluar
• Lack flagella

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Brown Algae

• Contains Chlorophyll a and c as well as
  fucoxanthin
• Largest and most complex
• Multicellular
• Mostly found in shallow coastal water
• Ex. - Kelp

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Green Algae

• Have chlorophyll a and b
• Store food in the forms of starch
• Very similar to plants
• Contain cellulose in their cell wall

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Human Uses of Algae

• -Often rich in vitamin C and iron
• Medicine
• -treat stomach ulcers, arthritis, and high blood
  pressure
• Food
• -ice cream, salad dressing, pudding, candy bars,
  pancake syrups, and eggnog
• Industry
• -chemicals from algae are used to make plastics,
  waxes, transistors, deodorants, paints,
  lubricants, and even artificial wood
• Science laboratories
• -Remember Agar!!!

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Fungus-like Protist

• Like fungi, fungus-like protist are heterotrophs
  that absorb nutrients from dead or decaying
  organic matter
• Unlike fungi, fungus-like protist have centrioles

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Slime Molds

• Recycle organic matter
• Closely resemble amoebas
• Multi-cellular

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Fungi

• - Chapter 21

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The Kingdom Fungi

• Fungi are eukaryotic heterotrophs that have
• cell walls.
• These cell walls are made of chitin

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The bodies of multicellular fungi are composed of
many filaments called hyphae
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Fungi Reproduction

• Most fungi reproduce both asexually and sexually
• The cells or hyphae may break off and begin to
  grow on their own.
• Some fungi produce spores. This is a form of
  asexual reproduction.

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Spores are Asexual
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Fungi Classification

• Over 100,000 species.
• Grouped according to their structure and method
  of reproduction.
• Four main groups
• Molds, Sac Fungi, Club Fungi and
• Imperfect Fungi

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Molds - Phylum Zygomycota

• Has both a sexual and asexual phase in its life
  cycle
• Produces spores on structure called sporangia
• Example Bread Mold

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Bread Mold
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Sac Fungi

• Phylum Ascomycota
• Both a sexual and asexual phase in its life
  cycle
• Produces spores on structure called asci which
  form on the inside of the cup
• Examples
• Yeast
• Morels

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Yeast
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Morels
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Morels
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Club Fungi

• Phylum Basidiomycota
• Both a sexual and asexual phase in its life cycle
• Produces spores on structures called basidia
• Basidia are found on the gills that grow on the
  underside of a mushroom cap

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Club Fungi (cont.)

• Includes many edible and poisonous varieties
• Examples Button, Portobello and Shitaki mushrooms

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Club Fungi
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The Imperfect Fungi

• Phylum Deuteromycota
• No sexual phase of their life cycle has been
  observed.
• Example
• Penicillin

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Penicillin
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Ecology of Fungi

• Fungi are found in all ecosystems in all
  environments on Earth
• All fungi are heterotrophs
• They cannot move to capture food, but their
  mycelia grow into the tissues and cells of
  organisms.
• Many are saprobes, which obtain food from
  decaying organic matter
• Some are parasites
• Some are symbionts

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Fungi as Decomposers

• Fungi recycle nutrients by breaking down the
  bodies and wastes of other organisms.
• Without fungi and other decomposers, energy-rich
  compounds would forever be trapped in the bodies
  of dead organisms.
• If these materials were not returned, the soil
  would quickly be depleted, and Earth would become
  lifeless.

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Fungi as Parasites

• Some fungi cause tremendous losses of food and
  crops.
• A few fungi cause human disease.
• Example ringworm, athletes foot fungus, yeast
  infections.

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Ringworm
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Athletes Foot Fungus
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Symbiotic Relationships

• Some fungi form symbiotic relationships in which
  both partners benefit.
• Lichen An association between a fungus and a
  photosynthetic bacteria or algae.
• Lichens are often pioneer species

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Lichens
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• Mycorrhizae a mutualistic relationship between a
  fungus and a plant. The fungus supplies the plant
  with water and minerals. The plant supplies the
  fungus with sugars from photosynthesis

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Micorrhizae