Chapter 20 The Kingdom PROTISTA

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Chapter 20The Kingdom PROTISTA
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What is a Protist??first organism

• Classified for what they are NOT
• NOT a plant, an animal, a fungus, or a prokaryote
• Eukaryotes
• ?
• Have membrane bound organelles
• Most are unicellular BUT some are multicellular

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Evolution of Protists

• Kingdom Protista
• Where did the first protists come from??
• Margulis created a hypothesis
• Evolved from a symbiosis of several cells
• Eukaryotic cells evolved from symbiotic
  prokaryotes
• ENDOSYMBIONT HYPOTHESIS

http//www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2k2en
dosymb.html
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How do we classify Protists??

• The way they obtain energy
• Heterotrophs Animal-like Protists
• Photoautotrophs Plant-like Protists
• External Digestion (decomposer or parasites)
  
  Fungus-like Protists
  
• This classification does NOT represent their
  Evolutionary History

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Animal Like ProtistsPHYLUMS

• Classified by the way they MOVE
• Zoomastigina
• Sarcodines
• Ciliophora
• Sporozoa

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Phylum Zoomastigna

• zooflagellates
• Animal-like
• Swim using _______?
• Absorb food through their CELL MEMBRANES
• decaying organic mater
• Live in lakes streams or w/in other organisms
• Reproduce Assexually (mitosis or cytokinesis)
• Some reproduce Sexually (forming gamete cells)
• Ie/ Trypanosomes- cause African sleeping
  sickness

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Phylum Sarcodina

• Sarcodines
• Best example AMOEBA
• Move using temporary projections Pseudopods
• Moves by extending a pseudopod away from its body
  
• Th cytoplasm then streams into the psuedopod and
  the rest of the cell follows AMOEBOID MOVEMENT
• Pseudopods are also used for eating
• Surround their food with their pseudopod and form
  food vacuoles
• Food Vacuole small cavity in the cytoplasm that
  temporarily stores food.
• Other ie/ Foraminiferans (calcium carbonate
  shells)
• Heliozoans (spiky
  projections, sun animal)

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• http//www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/protists
  /amoeba.shtml

http//www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?
http//www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artsep01/amoeb
a.html
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Foraminiferans Heliozoan
http//www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/foram/foramintro.html
http//www.cladocera.de/protozoa/rhizopoda/imgal_h
eliozoa.html
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Phylum Ciliophora

• Ciliates
• Move using ________?
• Found in both fresh and salt water
• Free living- do not exist as a parasite
• ie/ Paramecium

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Anatomy of Paramecium

• Trichocysts small structures use for defense,
  located on the inside of the cell membrane.
• 2 types of Nuclei
• 1. Macronucleus contains most of the genes that
  the cell needs in its day-to-day existence.
• Respiration, protein synthesis, and digestion
• 2. Micronucleusreserve copy of genes
• Used during reproduction
• Gulletindentation is which food is swept into
• Anal Pore eliminates waste materials
• Conjugation 2 paramecium attach and exchange
  genetic information.

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http//www.bio.umass.edu/biology/conn.river/parame
ci.html
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImageParamecium.jpg
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Phylum Sporozoa

• Sporozoans
• Do not move on their own
• Parasitic
• Complex life cycles with more than 1 Host
• Sporozoites- Attach to a host cell, penetrate it
  live within it
• Ie/ Plasmodium
• Carried by female Anopheles mosquito causes
  Malaria

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Animal-like Protists Disease

• MALARIA
• Infected mosquito bites a human
• Saliva contains sporozoites which enter the blood
  stream
• Plasmodium infect liver cells and then red blood
  cells
• Red Blood Cells burst they release Plasmodium
  into the blood stream
• Fever, chills
• Must control the mosquitoes that carry Malaria

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Animal-like Protists Disease

• African Sleeping Sickness
• Caused by????
• Spreads by tsetse flies
• Trypanosomes destroy red blood cells and infect
  tissues
• Fever, chills and rashes
• Nerve cells
• Amebic Dysentery
• Caused by ???
• Entamoeba
• Live in intestines and absorb food from the host
• Attack the walls of the intestine

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Animal-like Protists Disease

• Live symbiotically within other organisms
• Trichonympha- (zooflagellate) live within the
  digestive track of termites
• Recycle nutrients
• Serve as food for larger animals

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• 1. SARCODINES - protozoan with pseudopods
              example Ameba  
• PSEUDOPODS- "FALSE FOOT"  - a temporary bulge of
  the cell membrane that fills with cytoplasm.  the
  organism can move and use the pseudopods to trap
  food
• CONTRACTILE VACUOLE- ( water pump) a structure
  that collects the extra water and then expels it
  from the cell
• Answer to QUIZ
• http//rcs.rome.ga.us/hargett/biology/protista/ame
  badia.htm

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Ameba Movement
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Ameba preying on Paramecium
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Ameba Waste Disposal
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• 2) CILIATES - protists with cilia           
  example paramecium
• CILIA - hair-like projections from cells that
  move in a wavelike pattern                       
        used to move obtain food and sense the
  environment
• Micronucleus - small nucleus that control
  reproduction
• Macronucleus - larger nucleus that controls
  every day tasks of the cell
• BINARY FISSION - a type of asexual reproduction
  organism divides
• CONJUGATION - sexual reproduction the paramecia
  join and exchange genetic material.

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Paramecium Movement
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Different Types of Ciliates
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http//www.micrographia.com/specbiol/protis/cili/c
ili0100/parmov01.htm
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• 3. ZOOFLAGELLATES - use flagella to move  most
  have 1-8 long whip-like structures
• FLAGELLA - long whip like structures used to help
  movement
• symbiosis - a close relationship where at least
  one of the species benefits
• mutualism - both partners benefit from living
  together
• Trypanosomes- cause African sleeping sickness
• 4. SPOROZOANS - all are parasites that feed on
  the cells and body fluids of their
  host               
• example PLASMODIUM causes malaria  has two host
  a mosquito and a person causes high fevers that
  alternate with severe chills, symptoms can last
  weeks and reappear a few months later

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Phylum Movement Characteristics Nutrition Reproduction Free Living/ Symbiont Example
Zoom-astigina
Sarcodina
Ciliophora
Sporozoa
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Plant Like ProtistsPHYLUMS

• Typically called Algae
• 7 major Phyla of algae classified for their
  cellular characteristics
• Unicellular vs Multicellular
• Unicellular
• Euglenophyta
• Chrysophyta
• Bacillariophyta (DIATOMS)
• Pyrrophyta (DINOFLAGELLATES)

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Chlorophyll and Accessory Pigments

• Chlorophyll and Accessory pigments capture light
• Groups of algae adapted different forms of
  chlorophyl
• Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b chlorophyll c
• Absorb different wavelengths of light
• Good bc now algae can use more energy of
  sunlight.
• Accessory pigments absorb light at different
  wavelengths than chlorophyll.

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Phylum Euglenophyta

• Euglenophytes
• Closely related to animal-like flagellates
• ??
• 2 flagella
• Emerge from the gullet
• Longer one spins and pulls the organism rapidly
  through the water
• No cell wall
• Ie/ Euglenas

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Structure of Euglena

• Live in lakes ponds
• Eyespot cluster of red pigment, helps to find
  sunlight
• Can live as heterotrophs.
• Absorb nutrients from decaying matter
• Do NOT have cell walls but they have a
• PELLICLE intricate cell wall
• Ribbon like ridges supported by microtubules
• Tough and flexible
• Reproduce assexually

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Euglena
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Phylum Chrysophyta

• Chrysophytes
• golden plants
• Yellow green algae golden-brown
• Chloroplast bright yellow pigment
• Some have cell walls with PECTIN
• Unlike others whose cell walls contain ????

Phylum Bacillariophyta

• DIATOMS
• Most abundant and beautiful organisms
• Thin, delicate cell walls rich in Silicon

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http//www.indiana.edu/diatom/diatom.html
Diatoms
http//www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?
http//www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/wimsmall/diadr
.html
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Phylum Pyrrophyta

• Dinoflagellates
• Flagella
• ½ are photosynthetic other ½ are heterotrophic
• Asexual reproduction
• fire plants
• Luminescent
• give off light when agitated in water

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http//www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/dinoflagella
te.html
http//www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?
http//www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artsep01/dinof
.html
Dinoflagellates
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Euglena Dinoflagellates
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Ecology of Unicellular ALGAE

• Common in both fresh and salt water
• Food for organisms
• Phytoplankton photosynthetic portion of the
  plankton located on the surface of the ocean
• Carries out about ½ of the photosynthesis that
  occurs on Earth
• Red Tide- bloom of dinoflagellates
• Produce toxins and become concentrated in
  filter-feeders

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REVIEW

• What do chlorophyll and Accessory Pigments do in
  Algae?
• What are the 4 Phyla of unicellular plant-like
  protists?
• How do most unicellular Algae get food?
• What is the role of unicellular algae in the
  environment?

Allow algae to harvest and use the energy from
sunlight
Euglenophyta, Chrysophyta, Diatoms,
Dinoflagellates
Use energy from sunlight to produce food.
They are at the base of aquatic food chains- make
up phytoplankton
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Multicellular Algae

• Red, Brown and Green Algae
• Most are Multicellular
• They differ in their photosynthetic pigments
• People use Algae and the chemicals produced by
  Algae in different ways
• Chemicals treat stomach ulcers, High blood
  pressure, and arthritis
• Have you ever eaten Algae???
• Used to make plastic, deodorant, and agar

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Multicellular Algae

• Red Algae chlorophyll a and reddish accessory
  pigments
• Can live at great depths bc they absorb blue
  wavelngths
• Green, purple reddish-black
• Coral ecosystems
• Brown Algae
• Chlorophyll a c brown accessory pigments
• Largest and most complex
• Green Algae
• Chlorophyll a b
• Share many characteristics with plants

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Fungus-like Protists

• Heterotrophic
• Absorb nutrients from dead or decaying organic
  matter.
• Some cause plant disease
• Lack Chitin walls
• Slime Molds (play the key role in recycling
  organic matter)
• Cellular Acellular
• Water Molds (thrive on dead/decaying organic
  matter in water).