KINGDOM PROTISTA

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KINGDOM PROTISTAProtists

• Basic Characteristics
• First eukaryotes 1.5 billion years ago
  Descended from Archaebacteria
• Range from unicellular to multicellular
• Most diverse eukaryotic kingdom animal-like,
  plant-like, and fungus-like protists

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Evolution of Protists

• Endosymbiotic theory states that some
  prokaryotes engulfed other smaller prokaryotes
  and instead of digesting them, both organisms
  lived in a symbiotic relationship
• Eventually the smaller organism became the
  mitochondrion

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• These began as two separate bacteria
• Over time the smaller one which was engulfed by
  the larger, became an organelle

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Classification

• Classified into 3 Groups BASED ON NUTRITION!
• Protozoa (Animal-like) HETEROTROPHIC
• Algae (Plant-like) AUTOTROPHIC
• Fungus-like DECOMPOSER

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Video

• Saved in H drive in Protist folder

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Animal-Like PROTOZOANS

• Protozoa - First Animals, Single celled
• Classified based on LOCOMOTION (movement)
• Zooflagellates
• flagella
• Sarcodina
• pseudopods
• Ciliates
• cilia
• Sporozoans
• do not move

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Zooflagellates

• Locomotion Flagellum
• Examples
• Trypanosoma Giardia

• Causes Giardiasis
• Transmitted by drinking contaminated water
• Severe diarrhea

• -Causes African Sleeping Sickness
• Transmitted by the tsetse fly
• Causes brain damage and coma

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Sarcodines

• Locomotion
• Use pseudopods (false feet)
• No permanent shape
• Feeding use pseudopods to engulf food
• Food vacuole stores food
• Contractile vacuoles regulates water intake

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Structures of Amoeba

1. Cell membrane controls what enters and exits
   the cell
2. Contractile vacuole stores water
3. Cytoplasm jelly-like substance that fills the
   cell
4. Food particles nutrition
5. Food vacuole stores food
6. Nucleus brain, stores DNA
7. Pseudopods movement, feeding

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Examples of Sarcodines

• Amoebas
• Foraminiferans (ocean dwelling)
• calcium carbonate shell

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Amoeba Feeding

• Pseudopod surrounds food, creating a food
  vacuole.
• 
  The vacuole moves
• 
  through the
  cytoplasm until all
  
  the nutrients are
  digested. Then the
  waste
  is carried out
  of the cell by moving
  the
  vacuole to the
  cell membrane where
  
  it exits the cell.

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Amoeba

• Video saved in H drive in Protist folder

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Ciliates
Ex. Paramecium

• Feeding
• Use cilia to direct food into oral groove
• Food flows into the gullet
• 3) Forms a food vacuole

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Ciliates Structures

• Contractile vacuoles regulates water intake

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Ciliates Structures

• Macronucleus stores genes for day to day
  functioning
• Micronucleus stores back up copy of genes
• Trichocysts defense

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Structures of Paramecium

1. Anal pore removing waste
2. Cilia movement, feeding
3. Contractile vacuole stores water
4. Cytoplasm jelly-like substance that fills the
   cell
5. Food vacuole stores food
6. Gullet throat
7. Macronucleus stores DNA
8. Micronucleus stores a back-up copy of DNA
9. Oral Groove moves food in
10. Trichocyst spine-like projections for defense

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Ciliates

• Reproduction Binary fission or Conjugation

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Ciliates

• Examples
• Paramecium
• Cilia video http//www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/i
  ndexmag.html?http//www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/w
  imsmall/smal1.html

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Sporozoans

• Locomotion none (they are parasitic)
• Most famous Sporozoan Plasmodium
• Causes malaria
• Spread by a mosquito bite Anopheles
• Symptoms - fever
• Common in Africa, Asia, C S America
• Usually found in infected waters/poor sanitation

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• Insert video from Fungus and Relationships
  here.it is about malaria. Start at 3minutes and
  25 seconds

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Protozoan Review

• 1) What are the three groups protists?
• 2) Explain the Endosymbiotic Theory.
• 3) What is the criteria used to break Kingdom
  Protista into three groups?
• 4) What criteria is used to break Protozoans into
  four phyla?
• 5) Which phyla uses pseudopods?
• 6) Which phyla uses cilia?
• 7) Which phyla uses flagella?
• 8) Which phyla does not move?
• 9) Describe a disease caused by a protozoan.

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Answers

• What are the three groups protists?
• Animal-like, plant-like, fungus-like
• 2) Explain the Endosymbiotic Theory.
• Theory to explain how organelles evolved
• 3) What is the criteria used to break Kingdom
  Protista into three groups?
• Nutrition
• 4) What criteria is used to break Protozoans into
  four phyla?
• Locomotion

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Answers

• 5) Which phyla uses pseudopods?
• sarcodines
• 6) Which phyla uses cilia?
• ciliates
• 7) Which phyla uses flagella?
• zooflagellates
• 8) Which phyla does not move?
• sporozoan
• 9) Describe a disease caused by a protozoan.
• African sleeping sickness, malaria, girardiasis

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Plant-like Protists

• Unicellular or multicellular
• Photosynthesize
• Contain chlorophyll, accessory pigments
• Live in freshwater and salt water

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Unicellular Plant-like Protists

• Euglenoids
• - Use flagella

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Unicellular Plant-like Protists

• Dinoflagellates - ocean dwelling
• Bioluminescent
• Cause of red tides, deadly toxins produced

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La Jolla, CA
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Red Tide
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• Insert video from Fungus and Relationships here

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Unicellular Plant-like Protists

• Chrysophytes
• Yellow-green and Golden-Brown Algae

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Unicellular Plant-like Protists

• Diatoms
• Most abundant organism on Earth
• Cell walls silicon
• used to make glass, mild abrasives (tooth
  polish)

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Multicellular Plant-like Protists

• Multicellular algae - classified based on their
  photosynthetic pigments
• Ecological Importance
• 1. Food for many sea animals
• 2. Produce large amount of oxygen

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Other Important Uses

• Medicinal properties for treating high blood
  pressure, ulcers, arthritis
• Food products ice cream, sushi wraps, pudding,
  eggnog
• Plastics, waxes, and paints are made from some
  types

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Multicellular Plant-like Protists

• Red Algae
• Accessory pigments called phycobilins - red
  color

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Multicellular Plant-like Protists

• Brown algae
• Yellowish-brown color (pigment fucoxanthin)
• Giant kelp, fucus (rock weed)
• Fucus holdfast, stipe, bladder, blades

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Multicellular Plant-like Protists

• Green Algae
• Same pigments and cell wall composition as
  plants
• Exist as single cells, colonies

Spirogyra
Volvox
Ulva sea lettuce
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Green Algae

• Reproduction Alternation of Generations
• Green algae shift back and forth between haploid
  and diploid stages
• 1. Gametophyte result of meiosis, haploid, male
  or female
• 2. Sporophyte result of fertilization, fusing
  of gametes

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Fungus-Like Protists

• Heterotrophic absorb nutrients from decaying
  matter
• Damp and shady areas
• Cell walls lack chitin
• (fungus cell walls have chitin)
• Centrioles

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Fungus-Like Protists

• Slime molds
• They have a very bright appearance.

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Taken by Ms. Ryan at Ashville Botanical Garden
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Fungus-Like Protists

• Water Molds
• Appear like tiny threads
• Water molds attack foods such as potatoes,
  cabbage, and corn
• Cause of the Potato Famine in Ireland (1845-1846)

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Irish Potato Famine

• Caused by water mold (Phytophthora infestans)
• 1845-1846
• Many poor farmers depended on the potato
• Caused approx. 1 million deaths in Ireland
• 1.5 million people immigrated to U.S.