Chapter 16 Section 4

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Chapter 16 Section 4

• America Moves Toward War

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Moving Away from Neutrality

• Sept 1939-FDR revises Neutrality Acts
• Asks Congress for a cash and carry provision-
  allow nations to buy weapons from the US as long
  as they paid in cash and shipped them themselves

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Moving Away from Neutrality

• Providing arms would help France and Britain to
  defeat Hitler and hopefully keep the US out of
  war
• Isolationists argued the opposite
• Congress passes cash and carry in 1939

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The Axis Threat

• Cash and carry looked like too little too late
• BY summer of 40 France had fallen and Britain
  was under siege by the Luftwaffe

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The Axis Threat

• September 1940-Japan, Germany and Italy signed a
  mutual defense treaty-The tripartite Pact
• These three nations became known as the Axis
  Powers

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The Axis Threat

• Tripartite Pact aimed at keeping the US out of
  the war
• If the US were to declare war on one of the Axis
  nations, it would face a 2 ocean war

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The Axis Threat

• In response, FDR provided the British with all
  aid short of war
• 1940 sent 500,000 rifles, 80,000 machine guns, 50
  destroyers
• A decidedly unneutral act

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Building Americas Defenses

• FDR asks Congress to increase spending for
  national defense
• Due to isolationism, US was militarily weak
• 18 nations had larger armies than the US
• Weak navy
• Small airforce

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Building Americas Defenses

• Congress boosts defense spending in 1940
• Passed 1st peacetime military draft
• 16 million men registered-1 million of which were
  drafted

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FDR Reelected

• FDR decides to run for 3rd term in office
• Both candidates wanted to support Britain
• Both promised to keep the US out of war
• With very little difference, FDR wins election

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The Great Arsenal of Democracy

• FDR says there is no hope of negotiation with
  Hitler
• Warned that of Britain fell, Axis would be
  unchallenged to conquer the world
• America would be living at the point of a gun
• America had to become the great arsenal of
  democracy

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The Lend-Lease Plan

• By late 1940-Britain had no more cash to spend on
  American weapons
• FDR proposed to lend or lease weapons to any
  country whose defense was vital to the US.

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The Lend-Lease Plan

• Isolationists argued bitterly against lend-lease
• Congress passes Lend-Lease Act in 1941
• Not only Britain received lend-lease aid

14
Nazi Invasion of the Soviet Union

• June 22, 1941- Nazis invade Soviet Union with 3
  million troops
• Hitler predicted victory in 6 weeks
• Soviets resisted fiercely

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Nazi Invasion of the Soviet Union

• Soviets pulled back burning everything the Nazis
  could use-scorched earth policy
• Russian winter set in
• German invasion slowed to a halt
• FDR began send lend-lease supplies to the Soviets

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German Wolf Packs

• For lend-lease, supply lines had to be kept open
  across Atlantic
• Hitler deployed hundreds of submarines to stop
  shipments
• Wolf Packs (groups of 15-20 subs) searched
  shipping lanes for cargo

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German Wolf Packs

• April-May 1941-Germans sink 1.2 million tons of
  British shipping
• June 1941-FDR orders US navy to protect shipments
  as far east as Iceland
• American ships had permission to attack German
  subs in self-defense

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Planning for War-Atlantic Charter

• Congress extends draft another 18 months
• FDR Churchill met secretly off coast of
  Newfoundland
• Created a declaration of principles call the
  Atlantic Charter

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Atlantic Charter

• Spelled out causes for which WWII was
  fought-before the US ever entered it
• 1. Seek no territorial expansion
• 2. No territorial changes w/out consent of
  inhabitants
• 3. Respect right of people to choose their own
  form of govmt.

• 4. Promote free trade
• 5. Encourage international cooperation
• 6. Freedom from want and fear
• 7. Disarmament of aggressors
• 8. Establish a permanent system of general
  security

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Atlantic Charter

• Atlantic charter expresses common purpose of the
  Allies
• Allies- nations joined together to fight the
  Axis-26 nations

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Shooting Begins

• Sept 4, 1941-German U-Boat fires at USS Greer
• FDR announces that US ships fire at German ships
  on sight

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Shooting Begins

• 2 weeks later the Pink Star-a US merchant ship
  was sunk with enough supplies to feed more than
  3.5million British laborers for a week
• Mid October US destroyer Kearny sunk

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Japans Ambitions

• Japanese expansionists wanted a vast colonial
  empire
• Invaded Manchuria in 1931 and China in 1937
• Japans ambitions brought them into conflict with
  other colonial powers

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Japans Ambitions

• France, the Netherlands, Britain and the United
  States had colonies in Asia
• By 1941-France and the Netherlands had fallen to
  Germany
• Britain was too busy fighting Hitler to fight off
  Japanese
• Only the US was in the way

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Japans Ambitions

• Japanese begin pushing south of China in July of
  1941
• Took French military bases in Indochina
• US protested this action by cutting off trade
  with the Japanese

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Japans Ambitions

• US cuts off oil to Japan
• With no oil, Japan could be defeated without its
  enemies ever attacking
• New Japanese Prime Minister-Hideki Tojo
• Said he would make one last attempt at peace with
  Americans
• If this failed, Japan would go to war

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Japans Ambitions

• November 5, 1941-Tojos peace envoy flew to
  Washington for talks
• On the same day- Tojo orders Japanese navy to
  prepare for an attack on the US

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Japans Ambitions

• US had broken Japans secret communication codes
• Knew Japan was preparing for an attack
• Didnt know where or when it would come
• Peace talks went on for a month

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Japans Ambitions

• December 6, 1941-Japanese peace envoy ordered to
  reject all American peace proposals
• This means war
• FDR

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Attack on Pearl Harbor

• December 7, 1941-more than 180 Japanese warplanes
  launched from 6 carriers attacked US naval base
  at Pearl Harbor
• 90 minutes-Japanese planes barely disturbed by
  American guns

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Attack on Pearl Harbor

• Attack a stunning victory for Japan
• US navy all but crippled
• Japanese lost only 29 planes

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Attack on Pearl Harbor

• US losses
• 18 ships sunk or badly damaged
• 350 planes destroyed or badly damaged
• 2,400 people died
• 1,178 wounded
• More losses than the US Navy lost in all WWI

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Attack on Pearl Harbor

• December 8, 1941-US declares war on Japan
• December 11, 1941-Germany and Italy declare war
  on the US

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