The Cold War 1945-1991

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The Cold War1945-1991

• (was not actually a war!!!)

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Harry S. Truman
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Yalta Conference

• February 1945
• Churchill, Stalin, and FDR
• Stalin wanted Germany divided into zones.
• Churchill disagrees.
• FDR is mediator because he wants
• Soviet Union to help defeat Japan.
• Stalins support for creation of United Nations.

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Yalta Conference

• Compromise
• Germany temporarily divided into four zones.
• American, British, French, and Soviet
• Stalin promised free and unfettered elections
  in Soviet occupied territory.
• Stalin agreed to join war with Japan.
• Atomic bomb has not been tested yet.
• Stalin agrees to participate in UN.

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United Nations

• August 1945, 50 nations meet in San Francisco to
  establish the UN.
• Today the headquarters are in New York City.

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Harry S Truman

• Became president 13 days before UN conference.
• Very different from FDR.
• Would have to deal with experienced leaders.

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Potsdam Conference

• July 1945
• Atomic bomb will be tested while Truman at
  meeting.
• Stalin, Truman, Churchill (Altee)
• Stalin did not allow free elections like he
  promised at Yalta.
• Truman wants free elections to ensure spread of
  democracy and so American businesses can expand.

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Potsdam Conference

• Satellite nations are dependent on and dominated
  by Soviet Union.
• Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary,
  Romania, and Poland.
• Stalin Communism and Capitalism are not
  compatible.
• Soviets focus on building weapons not consumer
  goods.

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Containment Policy

• February 1946
• Time to stop babying the Soviets
• Containment Policy
• Take measures to prevent extension of Communist
  rule in other countries.
• George F. Kennan American diplomat in Moscow
• Containment guided Trumans foreign policy making
  
• Churchill and iron curtain

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Truman Doctrine

• It must be the policy of the United States to
  support free people who are resisting attempted
  subjugation by armed minorities or by outside
  pressures.
• Congress agreed and the U.S. sent 400 million to
  Turkey and Greece to keep them from communist
  takeover.

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Marshall Plan

• Proposed by Secretary of State, George Marshall
• Provided aide to all European nations who needed
  it
• 16 European countries received almost 13 billion
  to rebuild
• 1952 - Western Europe flourishing and Communist
  Party losing appeal

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Western Berlin Reunification

• France, Great Britain, and U.S. wanted to reunify
  Germany and Berlin.
• Soviets wanted Germany to remain weak.
• Soviets cut off West Berlin and started starving
  them (enough food for 5 weeks)
• Hoped Western nations would abandon Berlin or
  stop reunification.

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Question of Berlin

• What should America do about the situation in
  Berlin?

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Western Berlin Reunification

• Berlin Airlift
• American and British flew 227,000 airlifts in 327
  days.
• Supplied food, medicine, fuel, and XMAS presents
  to West Berlin.
• Boosted American prestige
• Hurt Soviet prestige and eventually lifted the
  blockade

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Election of 1948

• Democrat Harry Truman
• For Civil Rights
• Republican Thomas Dewey
• Dixiecrat Strom Thurmond
• Southern Democrats against Civil Rights.
• One of closest elections. Many thought Dewey won
  when they went to bed.

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization

• Purpose Stop Soviet aggression with defensive
  military alliances standing military at all
  times
• Countries Belgium, Denmark, France, Great
  Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands,
  Norway, Portugal, U.S., and Canada
• First time U.S. entered into a military alliance
  during peacetime
• Cold War ended U.S. isolationism

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China

• Mao Zedong Communist
• Ruled in North China
• Relied on financial aid from Soviet Union
• Promise of land reform appealed to peasants

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China

• Chiang Kai-Shek Nationalist
• Ruled in South China
• Relied on financial aid from U.S.
• Chinese Peasants turn to Communist Party,
  Nationalists flee to Taiwan
• U.S. favored Nationalists because they opposed
  communism

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Soviet Union
Taiwan
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Korean War

• Korea owned by Japan from 1910 1945
• 38th parallel was imaginary line bisecting Korea
• Japanese north of 38th parallel surrendered to
  Soviets
• Japanese south of 38th parallel surrendered to
  U.S.

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Korean War

• North Korea
• Kim Il Sung Democratic Republic of Korea
• South Korea
• Syngman Rhea Republic of South Korea
• U.S. supports South Korea when North Korea attacks

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Korean War

• 1949 - U.S. and Soviets withdraw their troops
• Leave North and South to figure it out
• North and South claim right to rule all of Korea
• North Korea attacks in 1950
• Truman related aggression to WW II and how no one
  tried to stop it then

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Korean War

• UN adopted American Resolution to help South
  Korea
• Soviet Union could have vetoed, but were
  boycotting UN
• Douglas MacArthur given command of UN and South
  Korean troops

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Korean War

• North Korea pushes UN S. Korean troops to Pusan

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Korean War

• MacArthur drives them back across 38th parallel
• MacArthur then invades North Korea

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Korean War

• China Reacts
• Would not let Americans come to border, Yalu
  River
• UN S. Korean forces get close to Yalu 300,000
  Chinese attack

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Korean War

• Push UN S. Korean forces back to 38th parallel

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MacArthurs Recommendations - 1951

• Blockade Chinese coast
• Use atomic bomb on China
• Russia exploded atomic bomb in 1949
• Use Chiang Kai-Sheks troops in China
• Truman rejects
• Attacking China would start WW III

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MacArthur Limited War

• Upset because he could not fight total war
• Tried to go over Trumans head
• Truman relieved him of command
• Americans supported MacArthur
• After Congressional investigation of MacArthur,
  people thought Truman did right thing

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Panmunjom July 1953

• Armistice between North and South Korea signed.

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Loyalty Review Board

• Purpose Investigate government employees and
  dismiss those found to be disloyal (3.2 million
  investigated)
• Disloyal was never defined.
• Not allowed to see evidence against you or know
  who accused you.

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House Un-American Activities Committee

• Purpose Rid Hollywood of suspected Communists.
• Hollywood Ten
• 10 of 43 witnesses from film industry would not
  cooperate with HUAC. Sent to prison.
• Blacklist List of people who had a Communist
  background. Could no longer work in film.

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McCarren Act

• Loyalty Review Board did not go far enough.
• Congress wants to make it unlawful to plan action
  against U.S.
• Truman vetoed.
• In a free country, we punish men for the crimes
  they commit, but never for the opinions they
  hold.
• Congress passed over veto.

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Alger Hiss

• Hiss accused of selling secrets to Soviets.
• Could not prove.
• Hiss convicted of perjury, lying under oath, and
  sent to jail.

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Rosenbergs

• 1950 accused of selling A-bomb secrets to
  Soviets.
• Convicted and electrocuted.

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Senator Joseph McCarthy

• Wanted to be reelected as Wisconsin Republican
  Senator.
• Needed an issue to focus attention on him.
• Charged that Communist were taking over
  government.
• Claimed Democrats were guilty of treason for
  allowing Communist infiltration.

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Senator Joseph McCarthy

• Republicans in Congress did nothing because 1952
  presidential election was close.
• Wanted the public to see them as strong
  anti-communists.

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Vietnam

• 1950 - America supporting France as they fight Ho
  Chi Minh in Vietnam
• America supported Ho Chi Minh when he fought
  against the Japanese during WW II
• Now Truman gives France nearly 15 million to
  defeat him
• U.S. intended on keeping Communism out of Vietnam

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Dwight David Eisenhower

• Republican
• 1953-1960

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Election of 1952

• Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower
• Vice President Richard Nixon
• I Like Ike

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H-Bomb

• Atom Bomb Atom split.
• Hydrogen Bomb Atoms fused. 67 times more
  powerful than those dropped on Japan.

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H-Bomb

• 1949 Soviets exploded atomic bomb.
• U.S. began research on hydrogen bomb.
• November 1, 1952 U.S. explode first
  thermonuclear device, H-bomb.
• August 1953 Soviets explode H-bomb.

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H-Bomb

• First H-bomb, Mike Mushroom cloud
• 8 miles across
• 27 miles high
• 80 million tons of earth vaporized
• Nuclear Testing Nuclear Drill

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H-Bomb

• "I was on a ship that was thirty miles away, and
  we had this horrible white stuff raining down on
  us. I got 10 rads 100 chest x-rays of radiation
  from it. It was pretty frightening. There was a
  huge fireball with these turbulent rolls going in
  and out. The thing was glowing. It looked to me
  like a diseased brain up in the sky. It spread
  until the edge of it looked as if it was almost
  directly overhead. It was a much more awesome
  sight than a puny little atomic bomb. It was a
  pretty sobering and shattering experience.
• Marshall Rosenbluth, a U.S. theoretical physicist
  

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Nuclear Age

• Soviet and America had nuclear capabilities.
• Americans fearful of nuclear strike from Soviets.
• Civil Defense put out information in case of
  nuclear attack.
• Bert the Turtle Duck and Cover

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Nikita Khrushchev

• Stalin dies in 1953.
• Khrushchev becomes head of Soviet Communist Party
  (peaceful co-existence)

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John Foster Dulles

• Brinkmanship U.S. would keep peace by promising
  to use all its force against any aggressor.

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CIA

• Formed to gather information and overthrow
  governments unfriendly to U.S.

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CIA

• 1951 - Irans prime minister, Mohammed Mossadegh
  took oil fields owned by British and gave them to
  Iranians (Britain stopped by Iranian oil in
  return)
• U.S. feared Mossedegh might look to Soviets for
  help
• 1953 - CIA gave millions to anti-Mossedegh
  supporters to help the Shah of Iran return to
  power

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CIA

• 1954 - Guatemalas government gave land to
  peasants
• Eisenhower believed Guatemalan government had
  Communist ties
• CIA trained an army that would invade Guatemala
  and take over
• President of Guatemala ousted and leader of army
  became dictator

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Warsaw Pact

• Military alliance between Soviet Union and
  satellite nations because West Germany re-armed
  and joined NATO

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Geneva Summit

• 1955 U.S. and Soviets meet in Geneva, Switzerland
• U.S. wants open skies
• Soviets reject

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Eisenhower Doctrine

• U.S. would defend Middle East against attacks
  from Communists

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Sputnik I

• October 4, 1957 first unmanned satellite to
  enter Earths orbit (Soviet)
• Americans felt inferior to Soviets
• U.S. schools focus on math, science, and foreign
  language
• Sputnik Space Race

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U-2 Incident

• After failure of Geneva Summit, CIA began spying
  of Soviets with U-2 plane.
• 1960 U.S. nervous about U-2
• American press knew about U-2 missions.
• Soviets were aware of flights.
• Summer 1960 U.S. and Soviets scheduled to hold
  arms race conference.

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U-2 Incident

• Eisenhower agrees to one more flight of U-2 prior
  to meeting.
• Francis Gray Powers pilot of U-2 on May 1, 1960.
• Plane shot down by Soviets and Powers parachutes
  into Soviet territory.

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U-2 Incident

• Eisenhower denies spying
• Claims U-2 is a weather plane
• Eisenhower finally admits spying on Soviets
• Khrushchev wants an apology and promise to stop
  U-2 flights
• Eisenhower agrees to stop U-2 flights but will
  not apologize

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U-2 Incident

• Khrushchev calls off summit and withdraws
  invitation to Eisenhower to visit Soviet Union
• Tensions between Soviets and U.S. grow

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Cuba

• 1959 Fidel Castro overthrows Fulgencio Batista.
• Castro takes control of American businesses in
  Cuba.
• Trade is cut off between U.S. and Cuba.
• Cuba turns to Soviets for aid.
• Anti-Castro Cubans fled to America.

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Cuba

• Eisenhower approves CIA to train Cuban refugees
  to fight Castro.
• Late 1960 Cuban refugees almost ready to invade
  Cuba and overthrow Castro.
• John F. Kennedy elected president in 1960,
  becomes president in 1961

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Vietnam

• 1953 Eisenhower becomes president and continues
  to give aid to France.
• By now America had agreed to a stalemate in
  Korea, so wanted to stop spread of Communism in
  Vietnam.
• 1954 Domino Theory
• When one country falls to Communism, surrounding
  countries will also fall.

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Vietnam

• 1954 French overrun by Vietminh.
• Geneva Accords held to try and create peace in
  Vietnam through elections.
• 1956 elections canceled because Communist might
  win, U.S. supports.

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John Fitzgerald Kennedy

• Democrat
• 1960-1963

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Election of 1960

• What helped Kennedy win.
• First televised debate between presidential
  candidates.
• Kennedy looked and spoke better than Nixon
• That night, image replaced the printed word as
  the natural language of politics. Russell Baker

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Kennedy takes Office

• Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well
  or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any
  burden, meet any hardship, support any friend,
  oppose any foe to assure the survival and success
  of liberty. JFK inaugural address 1961
• Ask not what your country can do for you, but
  what you can do for your country. JFK inaugural
  address 1961

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Kennedy takes Office

• Wanted to redefine nations nuclear strategy.
• Increased defense spending.
• Created special forces, Green Berets.
• Wanted U.S. to be able to fight a non-nuclear war.

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Kennedy Cuba

• Fidel Castro
• Took power over Cuba in 1959
• Seized control of Am. British oil refineries.
• Relied on aide from Soviet Union
• Cubans who disagreed with Castro moved to U.S.

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Kennedy Cuba

• Bay of Pigs
• 1960 President Eisenhower authorized the CIA to
  train Cuban exiles to invade Cuba.
• 9 days after JFK became president he learned of
  the operation and approved it.

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Kennedy Cuba

• April 1961
• 1400 Cuban exiles landed at Bahia de Cochinos
  (Bay of Pigs)
• 20,000 Cuban troops with Soviet tanks and planes
  defeated them.
• JFK accepted blame and paid 53 million in food
  and medicine to free survivors.

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Kennedy Cuba

• Americans looked like fools to our friends,
  rascals to our enemies, and incompetents to the
  rest.

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Cuban Missile Crisis

• 1962 U.S. discovered Soviets building missile
  bases in Cuba.
• Kennedy informed the nation of Soviet missiles in
  Cuba.

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Cuban Missile Crisis

• For 6 days in October 1962 the world faced
  nuclear war.
• America imposed a naval blockade on Cuba.
• Soviets backed off.
• Khrushchev agreed to take missiles out of Cuba if
  America promised not to invade.

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Berlin Crisis

• 1961 West Berlin was a showcase of democracy
• 20 of East Germans fled to West Berlin.
• Khrushchev wanted to close all access to West
  Berlin
• Kennedy refused.

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Berlin Crisis

• August 1961 construction of the Berlin Wall
  begins.
• Wall becomes an ugly symbol of Communism.
• Torn down in 1989.

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Easing Tensions

• April 1963 a direct telephone line was installed
  from the Kremlin to the White House.
• Late 1963 U.S. and Soviets agreed to ban nuclear
  testing in the atmosphere. Limited Test Ban
  Treaty.

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Vietnam

• 1961 Kennedy supports South Vietnams leader Ngo
  Dien Diem with money as well as military
  advisors.
• 1963 16,000 U.S. military personnel in South
  Vietnam.
• 1963 U.S. supported overthrow of Diem.
• Before Kennedy died he said he was going to
  withdraw U.S. forces from Vietnam.

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Race to the Moon

• April 12, 1961
• Soviet cosmonaut, Yuri Gagarin, was first man in
  space.

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Race to the Moon

• JFK announced to Congress
• The U.S. should commit itself to achieving the
  goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man
  on the moon and returning him safely to earth.

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Race to the Moon

• National Aeronautics and Space Administration
  (NASA)
• Constructed launch facilities in FL.
• Constructed mission control in TX.

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Race to the Moon

• Alan Shepard, first American in space. 1961

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Race to the Moon

• John Glenn, first American to orbit Earth. 1962

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Race to the Moon

• July 20, 1969
• Apollo 11
• Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins,
• and Buzz Aldrin
• Land on Moon
• The Eagle has landed.
• One small step for man. One giant leap for
  mankind.

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Dallas Nov. 22, 1963

• JFK Jacqueline came to TX to gain support from
  Democrats.

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Dallas Nov. 22, 1963

• As JFK, Jacqueline, TX Governor Connally, and
  Connallys wife rode through Dealy Plaza in
  Dallas, TX. JFK was shot.

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Dallas Nov. 22, 1963

• Limo rushed JFK to hospital where he died.

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Dealy Plaza Dallas, TX
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Zapruder Film
JFK Motorcade Route
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Dallas Nov. 22, 1963

• Zapruder Film
• LBJ took the oath of office to become president
  on Air Force One.
• Jacqueline was standing beside him in blood
  stained clothes.

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Dallas Nov. 22, 1963

• Lee Harvey Oswald charged with assassination.

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Dallas Nov. 22, 1963

• November 24, Oswald was shot and killed by Jack
  Ruby.

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Warren Commission 1963

• Established to investigate the Kennedy
  assassination.
• Concluded that JFK was shot by Oswald
• 1979 a Congressional committee reinvestigated the
  case and said JFK was probably shot by Oswald,
  but it was possible that there were two shooters.

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Conspiracy Theories

• Cuban refugees angry after Bay of Pigs.
• Communists sponsored attack.
• CIA conspiracy.
• Mafia ordered the assassination.

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Life in the 50s 60s
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The American Dream in the Fifties

• Americans shift from blue-collar work to
  white-collar work.
• Businesses
• Conglomerate Businesses diversify by buying
  smaller businesses.
• Franchise Company that can offer similar
  product in many locations.
• McDonalds, Fast Food.

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The American Dream in the Fifties

• Baby Boom 1946 1964
• Baby born every 7 seconds.
• Why?
• Dr. Jonas Salk
• Vaccine against poliomyelitis (polio).

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The American Dream in the Fifties

• Dr. Benjamin Spock
• Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care
• Parents should talk to children.
• Mothers should stay at home.
• The Good Wifes Guide

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The American Dream in the Fifties

• Consumerism Material goods equal success.
• Automobile mania
• Car became necessity for commuting to work.
• Symbol of individual.
• Planned Obsolescence
• Goods designed to become obsolete.
• America becoming, throwaway society

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Baseball

• 1947 Jackie Robinson first African-American to
  play in Major League Baseball.
• Played in the Negro Leagues prior to 1947.
• 1949 voted National Leagues MVP.
• Inducted into Baseball Hall of Fame.

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Baseball
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Pop Culture

• Mass Media TV spread news, ideas, pictures
  fast.
• FCC Govt agency to regulate TV, Telephone,
  Telegraph, and Radio (Federal Communications
  Commission).

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Pop Culture

• Milton Berle Texaco Star Theatre (Comedy)

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Pop Culture

• Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz I Love Lucy

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Pop Culture

• Mickey Mouse Club Howdy Doody Show
• Children shows that attracted loyal young fans.
• Nagged parents to buy products on show.

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Pop Culture

• Alfred Hitchcock Horror films.

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Pop Culture

• Many feared that TV would take away from movie
  and radio audiences.
• Radio turned from shows to music, news, and
  weather.
• Movies had advantages like color, big screen, and
  sound.

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Pop Culture

• Beatniks Nonconformity cared little for
  material goods.

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Pop Culture

• Rock n Roll New type of music born out of
  rhythm and blues.
• Many adults condemned because it would lead to
  teenage delinquency and immorality.

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Pop Culture

• Little Richard

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Pop Culture

• Chuck Berry

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Pop Culture

• Bill Haley and the Comets

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Pop Culture

• Elvis Presley King of Rock n Roll

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Pop Culture

• American Bandstand Dick Clark

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Pop Culture

• Nat King Cole First African American to have
  weekly series on national TV.

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Pop Culture

• Lena Horne

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Pop Culture

• Harry Belafonte

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Pop Culture

• Sydney Poitier

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Pop Culture

• Miles Davis

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Pop Culture

• Dizzy Gillespie