The Arms Race, MAD, and the Space Race

1
The Arms Race, MAD, and the Space Race

• IB History of the Americas

2
(No Transcript)
3
Frayer Model Bell Ringer


Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
4
Mutually Assured Destruction
RETALIATION
1ST STRIKE
United States
Soviet Union
5
Destructive Capabilities

• 1979 estimates by the US Office of Technology
  Assessment
• One small nuclear weapon exploded over Detroit or
  Leningrad would kill 400,000 people immediately
• Full-scale nuclear war would kill over 100
  million Americans and 75 million Soviets within
  30 days
• The American deaths alone would approximately
  equal the 9/11 terrorist attacks every day for 55
  years.

6
Cold War Arms Race
7
Cold War Arms Race

• You cannot simultaneously prevent and prepare
  for war." --Albert Einstein

8
Cold War Arms Race

• "I know not with what weapons World War III will
  be fought, but World War IV will be fought with
  sticks and stones." -- Albert Einstein

9
History of Nukes

• From 1945-1949 USA was the only nation to have
  Nuclear Bombs.

10
The Arms Race Begins

• In 1949, the Soviets developed the atomic bomb.

11
History of Nukes

• In the 1950s Britain, France, and the USSR all
  have nuclear weapons.

12
Nuclear Holocaust-

• World leaders realize the clash between the
  superpowers could destroy mankind.

13
Arms Race

• In the 1950s the US developed the first hydrogen
  bomb, and the Soviets released the satellite
  Sputnik.

14
Arms Race

• Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected to succeed Harry
  S. Truman as president

15
Arms Race

• Nikita Khrushchev succeeded Josef Stalin as
  Soviet Premier

16
Arms race

• In 1957, the launch of the satellite Sputnik into
  space drastically changes the arms race

17
The arms race begins.

• Both countries began developing their weapons so
  as to be able to outgun their opponents. This
  meant
• developing more powerful weapons
• Having more of one weapon than the other side
• WHY NUCLEAR WEAPONS?
• Cheaper than having a large army
• They were a deterrent. The idea was to have so
  many missiles that they could not all be
  destroyed. If one side attacked then it knew that
  the other could retaliate. This was known as MAD
  MUTUAL ASSURED DESTRUCTION.
• For some the Arms Race was a test of the
  strengths of Capitalism v communism

18
Why was there a nuclear arms race?
USSR 76 IBMs 700 Medium range bombers 1,600
bombers 38,000 Tanks 12 Nuclear submarines 495
Conventional submarines 0 Battleships and
cruisers
US 450 ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic missile)
250 Medium range missiles 2,260
Bombers 16,000Tanks 32 Nuclear submarines 260
Conventional submarines 76 Battleships and
carriers
19
THE SPACE RACE
20
What was the space race?

• The space race was a race between the United
  States and the Soviet Union to explore outer
  space.
• Many Americans felt that it would be dangerous to
  lose this race.
• They realized that if the Soviets could work or
  travel in space, they could easily spy on or
  attack the United States.

21
The serious side was.

• That a rocket that could launch a satellite could
  also launch a nuclear warhead at a target.
• So space developments led to rapid advances in
  nuclear weapons.
• By 1960 each side had the nuclear capability to
  destroy the earth
• In 1961 Yuri Gagarin, a Soviet cosmonaut was the
  first man to orbit the earth the Soviets had
  the lead. For Khrushchev it wa a triumph for
  communism

22
Sputnik

• On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched a
  satellite named Sputnik into outer space.
• It was sent into space to circle Earth.

23
Khrushchev said

• The Sputniks prove that communism has won the
  competition between communist and capitalist
  countries. The economy, science, culture and the
  creative genius of people in all areas of life
  develop better and faster under communism.

24
US Catches Up

• The United States had clearly fallen behind in
  the space race.
• The US worked very hard and quickly, and launched
  its first satellite in January1958.
• Then, in October of 1958, the National
  Aeronautics and Space Administration, or NASA was
  founded to promote US space exploration projects.

25
NASA

• NASA launched the first successful weather
  satellite in 1960.
• Meanwhile, in April 1961 Yuri Gargarin became the
  first person to orbit (circle) the Earth.
• February 1962, John Glenn became the first
  American to orbit Earth.

26
President Kennedys Address

• On 21 May, 1961 President Kennedy made a famous
  speech in which he announced an ambitious plan to
  put a man on the moon by the end of the decade
  The Apollo Program was launched
• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vkwFvJog2dMw

27
Friendship 7

• John Glenns spacecraft was named Friendship 7.
• More than 60 million Americans watched the launch
  from Cape Canaveral, Florida which stayed in
  space for 4 hours and 48 minutes.

28
Telstar 1

• The US and the Soviet Union continued to build
  and test new rockets and satellites. It was
  discovered that satellites could be used for
  communication.
• The US satellite Telstar 1 relayed the first
  transatlantic telecast in 1962.

29
Apollo 11

• On July 16, 1969, the American spaceship Apollo
  11 blasted off carrying astronauts Neil
  Armstrong, Edwin Buzz Aldrin, and Michael
  Collins.
• While Collins circled the moon in Apollo 11,
  Armstrong and Aldrin guided the Eagle, a small,
  specially designed spacecraft, down to the moons
  surface.
• They became the first people to walk on the moon.

30
Apollo 11
31
US Takes the Lead

• With the success of Apollo 11, the United States
  had taken the lead in the space race.
• The space race continued until the collapse of
  the Soviet Union, but space exploration continues
  today.
• The International Space Station is an orbiting
  station on which American and astronauts from
  former Soviet countries now explore space as
  friends.

32
The failure of disarmament

• Both sides hoped for arms reductions to cut
  defence spending
• After Stalins death East-West relations had
  improved
• USSR proposed
• reduction of armed forces
• Eventual abolition of atomic weapons
• International inspections to supervise this

33
The USA.

• Wanted strong inspection system
• Proposed open skies openly photograph each
  others sites from planes
• USSR rejected this
• USA rejected initial USSR proposals
• Stalemate

34
U2

• 1960
• U2 was a spy plane that was what it was
  developed for
• Able to fly 6000km at high altitudes
• Could take photos of Soviet bomber bases and
  missile sites

35
Events

• May 1- U2 plane piloted by Gary Powers shot down
  by Soviet missile over Russia
• May 5 Eisenhower denied it was spying
• May 7 Khrushchev says Powers to be charged with
  spying
• May 11 Eisenhower admits U2 was on spying
  mission
• May 14 Khrushchev demands apology and
  cancelling of all U2 flights
• May 16 U2 flights cancelled no apology
  Khrushchev walks out of Paris Summit

36
Results

• Paris summit abandoned hopes on disarmament
  dashed
• Khrushchev showed Communist world he could be
  tough
• Powers sentenced to ten years. Swapped for Soviet
  spy after 17 months
• Cold War attitudes hardened again