The Cold War: Part II

1
The Cold War Part II

• The Cold War Heats Up
• 1950-1970

2
The Cold War in the 1950s
Soviet Union
United States

• Nikita Khrushchev takes over after Stalins death
  in 1953.
• attempts to separate Stalins crimes from true
  communism.
• Repression and Dissent
• Protests broke out in the communist bloc
  (countries seek elections)
• Soviets send troops into Hungary and Poland
• Eastern Europe remained under Soviet control.

• Dwight Eisenhower takes over from Truman in 1953.
• Democrats charged Republicans for missile gap
• Eisenhower responded.
• Increased defense spending

3
BELLWORK

1. What was the Marshall Plan? How was this supposed
   to stop the spread of communism?
2. Explain the two alliances of the Cold War.
3. What were the US goals in the Cold War?
4. What were the Soviet Union's goals in the Cold
   War?
5. Why was the location of Berlin problematic for
   the democratic powers?
6. THINKER Why did people support Joseph McCarthy
   if he didn't have any evidence or proof of
   communism in the government?

4
Senator Joe McCarthy (1908-1957)

• The Second Red Scare was at its height during
  the 1950s, but one man popularized
  anti-communist attitudes
• Joseph McCarthy (Republican Senator from
  Wisconsin) made it his goal to get rid of all
  communists in American society the gov.
• On February 9, 1950, he gave a speech claiming
  to have a list of 205 Communists in the State
  Department.
• No one in the press actually saw the names on the
  list.
• Continued to repeat his groundless charges
  changing the number from speech to speech
• His efforts to get rid of the communist threat
  became known as McCarthyism.

4
5
McCarthyisms Effects on America

• Federal Loyalty Program (1947-1975)
• required all members of the US government to take
  a loyalty oath
• Supposed to prove they supported American
  democracy and capitalism
• HUAC (House of Un-American Activities Committee)
• Government agency created to investigate public
  employees, private citizens and organizations
  suspected of having ties to communism
• Goal was to target the entertainment industry to
  show that communist propaganda was in films, TV
  shows, and books
• Hollywood 10
• Group of ten Hollywood actors, directors, and
  writers
• Refused to cooperate with HUAC, and were found
  guilty of contempt of Congress and sentenced to
  prison
• Once released, they were blacklisted, never to
  work in Hollywood again

6
(No Transcript)
7
(No Transcript)
8
(No Transcript)
9
The Hollywood Ten

• Alvah Bessie- Objective Burma
• Herbert Bibermen- The Master Race
• Lester Cole- Born Free
• Edward Dymtryk- Crossfire
• Ring Lardner Jr- MASH
• John Howard Lawson- Blockade
• Albert Maltz- Pride of the Marines
• Samuel Ornitz- cofounder of the screenwriters
  Guild
• Adrain Scott- Oscar-nominated screenwriter and
  producer
• Dalton Trumbo- The Brave One

10
McCarthyisms Effect on America

• Required pro-wrestlers to take a loyalty oath
  before stepping into the ring.
• In Indiana, a group of anti-communists protested
  Robin Hood and forced librarians to pull the book
  from the shelves
• Socialist message that the books hero had a
  right to rob from the rich and give to the poor
• Baseball's Cincinnati Reds renamed themselves the
  "Redlegs."

11
McCarthys Downfall

• In the spring of 1954, McCarthy claimed the US
  Army had hired a communist doctor.
• Led to the infamous Army-McCarthy hearings
• For the first time, a television broadcast
  allowed the public to see the Senator as a
  closed-minded bully on a witch hunt
• In December 1954, the Senate voted to censor him
  for his conduct and to strip him of his
  privileges.
• McCarthy died three years later from alcoholism.
• The term "McCarthyism" lives on to describe
  anti- Communist fervor, reckless accusations, and
  guilt by association.

11
12
The Cold War Arms Race

• After the U.S. dropped nuclear bombs on Japan,
  the world wanted their own nuclear bombs.
• This started an arms race competition between
  two or more countries for the best/most armed
  forces weapons.
• Each country competes to produce larger numbers
  of weapons, greater armies and military
  technologies.
• UK, France, US, Soviet Union, and Peoples
  Republic of China all produced nuclear weapons.

13
Soviet Power

• American experts had believed that the Soviet
  Union would not have nuclear bombs until the mid
  50s. However, the Soviet Union tested their first
  atomic bomb in 1949
• Joe-One, the Soviets first nuclear bomb, was a
  copy of the American bomb, Fat Man. (weaker)
• The whole world watched in shock at the Soviet
  Unions new weapon.

14
(No Transcript)
15
Soviet Program VS American Program

• Both parties believed that more nukes more
  power!
• Soviet Union built more nuclear weapons with
  cheaper quality.
• Americans built fewer nuclear weapons, but with
  better quality.

16
(No Transcript)
17
Hydrogen Bomb

• Both countries worked frantically to produce the
  first hydrogen bomb.
• The US detonated the first H-Bomb in November
  1952.
• The Soviets exploded their H-Bomb in August 1955.

18
Hydrogen Bomb Explosion 1000 times more powerful
than the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima
19
Global Nuclear Confrontation

• The Soviet army had command over 260 divisions of
  the armed forces.
• The United States, in contrast, had reduced its
  forces by 1947 to a little more than a single
  division.
• American military planners were forced to adopt a
  nuclear strategy in face of the overwhelmingly
  superiority of Soviet forces.
• They would deter any Soviet attack by setting in
  place a devastating atomic counterattack.
• For the next quarter century, the U.S. and the
  USSR would engage in a nuclear arms race that
  constantly increased the destructive capability
  of both sides.

20
(No Transcript)
21
(No Transcript)
22
ICBMs

• Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles
• The most important development in terms of
  nuclear delivery in the 1950s.
• Missiles delivered bombs instead of bomber
  aircrafts.
• Missiles could now reach areas thousands of miles
  away.

23
(No Transcript)
24
Strategic nuclear missiles, warheads and
throw-weights of United States and USSR,
1964-1982
Year Launchers Launchers Warheads Warheads Megatonnage Megatonnage
Year USA USSR USA USSR USA USSR
1964 2,416 375 6,800 500 7,500 1,000
1966 2,396 435 5,000 550 5,600 1,200
1968 2,360 1,045 4,500 850 5,100 2,300
1970 2,230 1,680 3,900 1,800 4,300 3,100
1972 2,230 2,090 5,800 2,100 4,100 4,000
1974 2,180 2,380 8,400 2,400 3,800 4,200
1976 2,100 2,390 9,400 3,200 3,700 4,500
1978 2,058 2,350 9,800 5,200 3,800 5,400
1980 2,042 2,490 10,000 6,000 4,000 5,700
1982 2,032 2,490 11,000 8,000 4,100 7,100
25
Arms Race Clips

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v-2kdpAGDu8s (Duck
  Cover)
• First H-bomb test http//www.youtube.com/watch?vN
  NcQX033V_M
• Johnsons Campaign Ad http//www.youtube.com/watch
  ?vdDTBnsqxZ3kfeaturerelated
• Dr. Seuss Butter Battle Book

26
BELLWORK

1. What led to the end of McCarthyism?
2. What was the difference between the Soviet and
   American nuclear programs?
3. Who was the first to explode the Hydrogen bomb?
4. What are ICBMs?
5. THINKER In your opinion, who won the arms race?
   Why?

27
The Cold War in the 1950s Space Race

• October 4, 1957 USSR launched the first
  satellite, Sputnik, into orbit.
• The Sputnik launch confirmed the Soviet Unions
  superpower status.
• Became first artificial satellite into geocentric
  orbit on October 4, 1957.
• The race to control space had begun!
• Khrushchev We will bury you!

28
US Response NASA

• In 1958, the National Aeronautics and Space
  Administration (NASA) was created.

29
Achievements in the Space Race

• Soviet astronaut Yuri Gagarin became the first
  person to orbit the Earth in 1961
• Later in 1961, Alan Sheppard, Jr. became the
  first American astronaut in space.
• In 1962, John Glenn, Jr. became the first
  American astronaut to orbit the Earth.
• The first woman to reach space was Soviet
  astronaut Valentina Tereshkova in 1963.

30
Yuri Gagarin
Alan Shepard
John Glenn
Valentina Tereshkova
31
New President attempts to win Space Race

• In 1960, John F. Kennedy was elected President.
• First Catholic president
• Youngest president ever at age 43
• First televised presidential debate- 70 million
  viewers thought that Kennedy won. Radio listeners
  Nixon won
• Increased government spending on defense, and
  math/science education
• Created the Peace Corps
• On May 25,1961, Kennedy gave a speech challenging
  America to land a man on the moon by the end of
  the decade.

32
(No Transcript)
33
(No Transcript)
34
Man On The Moon!!!

• In 1969, U.S. astronauts Neil Armstrong, Edwin
  "Buzz" Aldrin and Michael Collins made it to the
  moon.
• Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon,
  followed by Buzz Aldrin.

35
U-2 Incident

• On May 1, 1960 a U.S. spy plane piloted by CIA
  Agent Francis Gary Powers was flying over the
  USSR and was shot down.
• Powers mission was to take aerial photos of two
  major missile test sites in the Soviet Union.
• Powers was unable to activate plane's
  self-destruct mechanism before he parachuted to
  the ground, right into the hands of the KGB.

36

• When US learned of Powers' disappearance over
  USSR, it issued a statement claiming that a
  "weather plane" crashed after its pilot had
  "difficulties with his equipment."
• US officials did not realize
• Plane crashed intact
• Soviets recovered its photography equipment
• Captured Powers, whom they interrogated
  extensively for months before he made a
• "voluntary confession" and public apology for his
  part in US espionage

The U-2 Incident
36
37
BELLWORK 5/10

• What is Sputnik? How did the US respond to this?
• What were the space race achievements made by the
  US?
• What were the space race achievements made by the
  USSR?
• Who became the new US president in 1960? What was
  one of his first priorities?
• THINKER How did Americans benefit from Cuba?

38
1960s Foreign Policy Cuba

• Background under Eisenhower
• In the 1950s, Americans owned 90 of Cubas
  mines, ranches, oil, and sugar.
• Caused Cubans to be extremely poor and demand
  change!
• In 1958, Fidel Castro led a revolt and overthrew
  the pro-American leader (Batista)
• Once Fidel Castro became dictator, he seized
  property owned by foreign corporations, including
  U.S. businesses.

• A Revolution is a struggle between the future
  and past

39
Bay of Pigs Invasion

• When JFK became President, he made a goal to
  solve the problem of a communist satellite on
  our very doorstep.
• The U.S. refused to accept Castro as leader
• Castro developed close ties with the Soviet
  Union. (SU offered economic aide)
• Kennedy agreed to a CIA plan that involved
  training a group of Cubans to invade Cuba and
  overthrow Castro.
• The CIA trained these Cubans in Guatemala

Kennedy addresses La Brigada (anti-Castro Cubans)
40
(No Transcript)
41
Bay of Pigs

• The Bay of Pigs invasion took place on April 17,
  1961.
• An airstrike failed to destroy Cubas air force
  and Cuban troops proved to be a strong match
  against the 1,500 U.S. invaders.
• The invasion was a total disaster and eventually
  Kennedy accepted defeat.

42
(No Transcript)
43
Cuban Missile Crisis

• By 1962, the Soviet Union had missiles stationed
  in Cuba.
• The U.S. had missiles stationed in Turkey.
• This brought the world on the brink of nuclear
  war.
• After 10 days of caution, President Kennedy and
  Khrushchev agree to remove their missiles.

44
(No Transcript)
45
(No Transcript)
46
(No Transcript)
47
Mutual Assured Destruction

• At the end of the Kennedy Administration, both
  the US and the USSR admitted their vulnerability
  because of nuclear equality.
• Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) One country
  couldnt attack the other because they would be
  attacked in return.
• Whoever shoots first, dies second.

48
End of the Arms Race

• Economic problems led to arms control agreements
  beginning in the 1970s. This period of time,
  known as détente.
• Détente Both countries reduced their nuclear
  spending and stockpiles.
• Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) limited
  the amount of nuclear weapons produced.
• Limited Test Ban Treaty banned nuclear testing
  above ground to prevent radiation poisoning

49
(No Transcript)
50
Berlin Wall

• In the dark on August 13, 1961, a low,
  barbed-wire barrier rose between East and West
  Berlin. Within days, workers cemented concrete
  blocks into a low wall, dividing neighborhoods
  and families, workers and employers, the free
  from the repressed.
• The USSR called the wall a barrier to Western
  imperialism, but it was meant to keep its people
  from going to the West where there were more
  rights and freedoms.
• The West Germans called it Schandmaur, the "Wall
  of Shame."
• Over the years, it was rebuilt three times. Each
  version of the wall was higher, stronger,
  repressive, and impenetrable. Towers and guards
  with machine guns and dogs stood watch.
• No one was allowed to enter the zones. Anyone
  trying to escape was shot on sight.

50
51
(No Transcript)
52
(No Transcript)
53
(No Transcript)
54
Berlin Wall

• 41 miles long (28 on border)
• 12 feet high
• Fortified with guards and weapons
• Included anti-vehicle trenches
• Supposed to prevent East Berliners from fleeing
  into the West.
• Over 5,000 escape attempts
• Why would people want to leave East Berlin?

55
(No Transcript)
56
(No Transcript)