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From the Grand Alliance to Containment

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From the Grand Alliance to Containment The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan Building a National Security State The Cold War Begins Superpower Rivalry around the ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: From the Grand Alliance to Containment


1
From the Grand Alliance to Containment
  • The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan
  • Building a National Security State
  • The Cold War Begins
  • Superpower Rivalry around the Globe

2
Marshall Plan
  • General George C. Marshall, Secty of State,
  • European Recovery Plan, US spent 13 billion to
    restore the economies of 16 Western European
    nations which in turn helped the US economy
  • Soviet Union did not participate because it
    objected to free enterprise

3
Truman Doctrine
  • Trumans claim that American security depended on
    stopping any Communist government from taking
    over any non-communist government, anywhere in
    the world. This approach became the cornerstone
    of American foreign policy during the Cold War.

4
Containment
  • The foreign policy of the US to hold in check the
    power and influence of the Soviet Union and
    others espousing communism.

5
Truman containment policy had six-pronged defense
strategy
  • Development of atomic weapons
  • Strengthen traditional military power
  • Military alliances with other nations
  • Military and economic aid to friendly nations
  • An espionage network and secret means to subvert
    Soviet expansion
  • a propaganda offensive to win popular admiration
    for the US around the world.

6
What was the Cold War?
  • Cold War the hostile and tense relationship
    between the Soviet Union and the US (and other
    Western nations) from 1947 until 1989
  • cold because it stopped short of armed
    conflict, warded off by the strategy of Nuclear
    Deterrence

7
Deterrence
  • the strategy of the US that it would maintain a
    nuclear arsenal so substantial that the Soviet
    Union would refrain from attacking the US and its
    allies out of fear that the US would retaliate in
    devastating proportions. The Soviets pursued a
    similar strategy.

8
Superpower Rivalry Around the Globe
  • third world a term referring to about forty
    countries which had won independence but were not
    in the Western (first) world, nor the Soviet
    (second) world.
  • 1949, communists under Mao Zedong took China,
    chasing Nationalists under Chang Kai-shek to
    Tiawan
  • Peoples Republic of China under Mao signed a
    treaty with Soviets

9
Rivalry, cont
  • Japan rebuilt with American dollars, sides with
    US
  • State of Israel established in Palestine,
    endorsed by US

10
Election 1948
11
Truman and the Fair Deal at Home
  • Reconverting to a Peacetime Economy
  • Blacks and Mexican Americans Push for Their Civil
    Rights
  • The Fair Deal Flounders
  • The Domestic Chill McCarthyism

12
Senator Joseph R. McCarthy
13
Second Red Scare
  • Red Scare happens after a war
  • After the collapse of the Soviet-American
    alliance
  • Suspicions of espionage
  • red baiting attempts to discredit people by
    associating them with communism

14
The Cold War Becomes Hot Korea
  • A Military Implementation of Containment
  • First time Americans go to battle for containment
  • A militarization of American foreign policy

15
Korean War
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19
Costs of the War
  • Total civilians killed/wounded
  • 2.5 million
  • South Korea 990,968
  • 373,599 killed
  • 229,625 wounded
  • 387,744 abducted/missing
  • North Korea 1,550,000
  • US 36,000 killed, 100,000 wounded

20
US and USSR
21
US and USSR
  • Stalin died in 1953
  • New Soviet premier is Nikita Khrushchev
  • Eisenhower and Khrushchev meet in 1955 in Geneva,
    the first time leaders from these two countries
    have met since WWII

22
Nuclear Arms Race and Space Race
23
Nuclear Arms Race
  • 1957, Soviets tested ICBM (intercontinental
    ballistic missile)
  • Fears emerged that the US was lagging behind the
    Soviets
  • Signed the National Defense Act (student loan and
    scholarships for math science).
  • Civil Defense Administration recommended home
    bomb shelters

24
Space Race
  • 1957, Sputnik, the first artificial satellite to
    circle the earth
  • The American first satellite was dubbed Flopnik
    because it exploded
  • 1958, Eisenhower established National Aeronautics
    and Space Administration (NASA)

25
Brinksmanship and MAD
  • Secty of State John Foster Dulles, Americas
    willingness to go to the brink of war as a
    threat
  • MAD Mutually assured destruction nuclear
    stand-off

26
1959 kitchen debate Nixon and Khrushchev
  • Nixon to make things easier for our women.
  • Khrushchev we do not have the capitalist
    attitude toward women.

27
Consequences of the Cold War
  • Shifted priorities of the federal government from
    domestic to foreign affairs
  • Expanded budget
  • Increased the power of the president
  • Defense contracts encouraged economic population
    booms in the West and Southwest
  • The Nuclear Arms races consumed dollars and
    resources, skewed the economy toward dependence
    on military projects
  • Created anti-communist hysteria which stifled
    debate, politically or socially

28
Cold War had created a warfare state
  • military-industrial complex
  • A term coined by Eisenhower in his farewell
    address
  • the power and influence of the military and
    defense contractors who now controlled the
    economy
  • nearly one of every three California workers
    held a defense-related job.
  • one in every ten American jobs depended on
    defense spending

29
Interstate Highway and Defense System Act of 1956
30
Costs and Benefits
  • Benefits
  • Greater public travel
  • Improved transportation of goods
  • Suburban expansion
  • Growth in fast food
  • Growth in motel industry
  • Most growth in trucking, construction, and auto
    industries
  • Costs
  • paid costs through increased fuel and vehicle
    taxes
  • Air pollution
  • Energy consumption
  • Decline in the railroads and mass transit
  • Decay in central cities

31
Sun Belt
32
Culture of Abundance
  • Increased prosperity and complacency
  • Baby boom (higher birth rate), peaking in 1957
    with 4.3 million births
  • Traditional family and gender roles
  • More religious observance, Baptist Billy Graham
  • Congress adding under God to the pledge of
    allegiance in 1954 and In God We Trust on
    currency in 1955.
  • Television widespread

33
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34
Television
  • Eisenhowers 1952 Presidential campaign used TV
    ads for the first time and
  • by 1960, television played a key role in election
    campaigns
  • Television came to dominate Americans leisure
    time, influence their consumption patterns, and
    shape their perceptions of the nations
    leadership.

35
Just Below the Surface
  • The apparent consensus and tranquility of the
    1950s never grappled with
  • a 20 poverty rate
  • entrenched racism
  • urban decay
  • a self-conscious youth generation.

36
Racism in America
37
Women
  • Betty Friedan wrote The Feminine Mystique,
  • Critique of the idealization of womens domestic
    roles and women basing their identity on their
    children and husbands.
  • it ignited the contemporary women's movement
  • It is widely regarded as one of the most
    influential nonfiction books of the 20th century

38
Native Americans
  • Under Eisenhower, departed from the 1934 Indian
    Reorganization Act which attempted to preserve
    Indian culture.
  • Three part program, compensation, termination,
    and relocation
  • It Beginning in 1953, Eisenhower signed bills
    transferring jurisdiction over tribal lands to
    state and local governments
  • The loss of federal hospitals, schools devastated
    Indian tribes
  • A new militancy arose as a result of the
    urbanization of Native Americans

39
Hispanics, one example
  • Hernandez vs Texas, 1954
  • first Mexican American civil rights case of the
    post WWII era
  • Pete Hernandez convicted of murder in Texas it
    was appealed to the US Supreme Court and
    overturned
  • ruling that Mexican Americans had been excluded
    systematically from the jury pool and service,
    and was a violation of the Constitutional
    guarantee of equal protection.

40
Bracero Program
  • Begun during WWII where Mexican laborers were
    allowed entry into the US to work for a limited
    period of time but not to gain citizenship or
    permanent residence. The program officially ended
    in 1964.
  • About 100,000 came each year.
  • In 1954 Operation Wetback designed to ferret
    out illegals and deport mistook many legal
    residents too

41
Eisenhower New Look foreign policy
  • Did not want to spend money on large army
  • Relied on nuclear weapons and giving traditional
    weapons to allies

42
US Interventions in Latin America
  • 1954, Guatemala, Eisenhower authorized CIA to
    assist in a coup
  • 1959, after Castro revolt, Eisenhower broke of
    diplomatic relations with Cuba and authorized CIA
    to train Cuban exiles for an invasion

43
US Interventions in the Middle East
  • 1951, Iran, prime minister had nationalized oil
    fields and refineries in 1953 Eisenhower
    authorized CIA to instigate a coup (1953) and
    paid Iranians to demonstrate against the
    government
  • the Shah (traditional hereditary leader who
    favored US oil interests) was reinstated) this
    whole maneuver would back fire in 1979 with anti
    US backlash
  • Egypt and the Suez Crisis

44
Vietnam
  • Vietnam, 1945, under communist Ho Chi Minh, the
    Vietminh declared independence from France
  • Eisenhower looked at Vietnam as Truman had seen
    Turkey and Greece, that to let them go communist
    would set off a domino reaction
  • US supplied money to France to fight insurgents.
    French lost in 1954
  • Vietnam was partitioned at the seventeenth
    parallel

45
Eisenhower response to situation in Vietnam
  • Send weapons and military advisors to South
    Vietnam
  • Assign CIA to destabilize the North
  • Supported South Vietnamese Prime Minister Ngo
    Dinh Diem and his refusal to hold an election to
    unify Vietnamese governments

46
Vietnam, cont.
  • Between 1955 and 1961, the US provided 800
    million to the South Vietnamese Army
  • US joined SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty
    Organization), 1954, with Britain, France,
    Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, Pakistan and
    the Philippines
  • To defend Cambodia, Laos, and South Vietnam
  • This legacy was left to Eisenhowers successor
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