Title: From the Grand Alliance to Containment
1From the Grand Alliance to Containment
- The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan
- Building a National Security State
- The Cold War Begins
- Superpower Rivalry around the Globe
2Marshall Plan
- General George C. Marshall, Secty of State,
- European Recovery Plan, US spent 13 billion to
restore the economies of 16 Western European
nations which in turn helped the US economy - Soviet Union did not participate because it
objected to free enterprise
3Truman Doctrine
- Trumans claim that American security depended on
stopping any Communist government from taking
over any non-communist government, anywhere in
the world. This approach became the cornerstone
of American foreign policy during the Cold War.
4Containment
- The foreign policy of the US to hold in check the
power and influence of the Soviet Union and
others espousing communism.
5Truman containment policy had six-pronged defense
strategy
- Development of atomic weapons
- Strengthen traditional military power
- Military alliances with other nations
- Military and economic aid to friendly nations
- An espionage network and secret means to subvert
Soviet expansion - a propaganda offensive to win popular admiration
for the US around the world.
6What was the Cold War?
- Cold War the hostile and tense relationship
between the Soviet Union and the US (and other
Western nations) from 1947 until 1989 - cold because it stopped short of armed
conflict, warded off by the strategy of Nuclear
Deterrence
7Deterrence
- the strategy of the US that it would maintain a
nuclear arsenal so substantial that the Soviet
Union would refrain from attacking the US and its
allies out of fear that the US would retaliate in
devastating proportions. The Soviets pursued a
similar strategy.
8Superpower Rivalry Around the Globe
- third world a term referring to about forty
countries which had won independence but were not
in the Western (first) world, nor the Soviet
(second) world. - 1949, communists under Mao Zedong took China,
chasing Nationalists under Chang Kai-shek to
Tiawan - Peoples Republic of China under Mao signed a
treaty with Soviets
9Rivalry, cont
- Japan rebuilt with American dollars, sides with
US - State of Israel established in Palestine,
endorsed by US
10Election 1948
11Truman and the Fair Deal at Home
- Reconverting to a Peacetime Economy
- Blacks and Mexican Americans Push for Their Civil
Rights - The Fair Deal Flounders
- The Domestic Chill McCarthyism
12Senator Joseph R. McCarthy
13Second Red Scare
- Red Scare happens after a war
- After the collapse of the Soviet-American
alliance - Suspicions of espionage
- red baiting attempts to discredit people by
associating them with communism
14The Cold War Becomes Hot Korea
- A Military Implementation of Containment
- First time Americans go to battle for containment
- A militarization of American foreign policy
15Korean War
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19Costs of the War
- Total civilians killed/wounded
- 2.5 million
- South Korea 990,968
- 373,599 killed
- 229,625 wounded
- 387,744 abducted/missing
- North Korea 1,550,000
- US 36,000 killed, 100,000 wounded
20US and USSR
21US and USSR
- Stalin died in 1953
- New Soviet premier is Nikita Khrushchev
- Eisenhower and Khrushchev meet in 1955 in Geneva,
the first time leaders from these two countries
have met since WWII
22Nuclear Arms Race and Space Race
23Nuclear Arms Race
- 1957, Soviets tested ICBM (intercontinental
ballistic missile) - Fears emerged that the US was lagging behind the
Soviets - Signed the National Defense Act (student loan and
scholarships for math science). - Civil Defense Administration recommended home
bomb shelters
24Space Race
- 1957, Sputnik, the first artificial satellite to
circle the earth - The American first satellite was dubbed Flopnik
because it exploded - 1958, Eisenhower established National Aeronautics
and Space Administration (NASA)
25Brinksmanship and MAD
- Secty of State John Foster Dulles, Americas
willingness to go to the brink of war as a
threat - MAD Mutually assured destruction nuclear
stand-off
261959 kitchen debate Nixon and Khrushchev
- Nixon to make things easier for our women.
- Khrushchev we do not have the capitalist
attitude toward women.
27Consequences of the Cold War
- Shifted priorities of the federal government from
domestic to foreign affairs - Expanded budget
- Increased the power of the president
- Defense contracts encouraged economic population
booms in the West and Southwest - The Nuclear Arms races consumed dollars and
resources, skewed the economy toward dependence
on military projects - Created anti-communist hysteria which stifled
debate, politically or socially
28Cold War had created a warfare state
- military-industrial complex
- A term coined by Eisenhower in his farewell
address - the power and influence of the military and
defense contractors who now controlled the
economy - nearly one of every three California workers
held a defense-related job. - one in every ten American jobs depended on
defense spending
29Interstate Highway and Defense System Act of 1956
30Costs and Benefits
- Benefits
- Greater public travel
- Improved transportation of goods
- Suburban expansion
- Growth in fast food
- Growth in motel industry
- Most growth in trucking, construction, and auto
industries
- Costs
- paid costs through increased fuel and vehicle
taxes - Air pollution
- Energy consumption
- Decline in the railroads and mass transit
- Decay in central cities
31Sun Belt
32Culture of Abundance
- Increased prosperity and complacency
- Baby boom (higher birth rate), peaking in 1957
with 4.3 million births - Traditional family and gender roles
- More religious observance, Baptist Billy Graham
- Congress adding under God to the pledge of
allegiance in 1954 and In God We Trust on
currency in 1955. - Television widespread
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34Television
- Eisenhowers 1952 Presidential campaign used TV
ads for the first time and - by 1960, television played a key role in election
campaigns - Television came to dominate Americans leisure
time, influence their consumption patterns, and
shape their perceptions of the nations
leadership.
35Just Below the Surface
- The apparent consensus and tranquility of the
1950s never grappled with - a 20 poverty rate
- entrenched racism
- urban decay
- a self-conscious youth generation.
36Racism in America
37Women
- Betty Friedan wrote The Feminine Mystique,
- Critique of the idealization of womens domestic
roles and women basing their identity on their
children and husbands. - it ignited the contemporary women's movement
- It is widely regarded as one of the most
influential nonfiction books of the 20th century
38Native Americans
- Under Eisenhower, departed from the 1934 Indian
Reorganization Act which attempted to preserve
Indian culture. - Three part program, compensation, termination,
and relocation - It Beginning in 1953, Eisenhower signed bills
transferring jurisdiction over tribal lands to
state and local governments - The loss of federal hospitals, schools devastated
Indian tribes - A new militancy arose as a result of the
urbanization of Native Americans
39Hispanics, one example
- Hernandez vs Texas, 1954
- first Mexican American civil rights case of the
post WWII era - Pete Hernandez convicted of murder in Texas it
was appealed to the US Supreme Court and
overturned - ruling that Mexican Americans had been excluded
systematically from the jury pool and service,
and was a violation of the Constitutional
guarantee of equal protection.
40Bracero Program
- Begun during WWII where Mexican laborers were
allowed entry into the US to work for a limited
period of time but not to gain citizenship or
permanent residence. The program officially ended
in 1964. - About 100,000 came each year.
- In 1954 Operation Wetback designed to ferret
out illegals and deport mistook many legal
residents too
41Eisenhower New Look foreign policy
- Did not want to spend money on large army
- Relied on nuclear weapons and giving traditional
weapons to allies
42US Interventions in Latin America
- 1954, Guatemala, Eisenhower authorized CIA to
assist in a coup - 1959, after Castro revolt, Eisenhower broke of
diplomatic relations with Cuba and authorized CIA
to train Cuban exiles for an invasion
43US Interventions in the Middle East
- 1951, Iran, prime minister had nationalized oil
fields and refineries in 1953 Eisenhower
authorized CIA to instigate a coup (1953) and
paid Iranians to demonstrate against the
government - the Shah (traditional hereditary leader who
favored US oil interests) was reinstated) this
whole maneuver would back fire in 1979 with anti
US backlash - Egypt and the Suez Crisis
44Vietnam
- Vietnam, 1945, under communist Ho Chi Minh, the
Vietminh declared independence from France - Eisenhower looked at Vietnam as Truman had seen
Turkey and Greece, that to let them go communist
would set off a domino reaction - US supplied money to France to fight insurgents.
French lost in 1954 - Vietnam was partitioned at the seventeenth
parallel
45Eisenhower response to situation in Vietnam
- Send weapons and military advisors to South
Vietnam - Assign CIA to destabilize the North
- Supported South Vietnamese Prime Minister Ngo
Dinh Diem and his refusal to hold an election to
unify Vietnamese governments
46Vietnam, cont.
- Between 1955 and 1961, the US provided 800
million to the South Vietnamese Army - US joined SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization), 1954, with Britain, France,
Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, Pakistan and
the Philippines - To defend Cambodia, Laos, and South Vietnam
- This legacy was left to Eisenhowers successor