World War I

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World War I
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World War I Causes

• Militarism
• Alliances
• Imperialism
• Nationalism

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A. Militarism

• Increased the size and strength of military.
• Naval rivalry between Germany and Britain
• Conscription- mandatory military service extended
  (France)
• Russias military spending was doubled

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B. Alliances

• Alliance Two or more countries agree to come to
  each others aid in time of war.
• Before the war secret alliances were formed
• Triple Alliance 1882
• Italy, Austria-Hungary, Germany
• Triple Entente 1894
• France, Russia, Britain

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• Difficult to solve problems peacefully
• War spread quickly
• Alliance System After the War Started
• Central Powers
• Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire,
  Bulgaria
• Allied Powers
• Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Serbia,
  U.S., Japan

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Europe 1914 Alliances
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C. Imperialism

• Competing for colonial territories caused
  conflict
• Germany and France over Morocco
• Germany and Britain over East Africa
• Russia and Japan in Manchuria
• France and Italy in Tunisia, Libya, Algeria
• Britain and France in the Sudan
• Berlin Conference 1884-85 - divided Africa

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D. Nationalism

• French Nationalists
• Regain territory of Alsace-Lorraine
• Russian Nationalists
• Unite all Slav nations in Eastern Europe
• Serbian Nationalists
• Greater Serbia unite Southern Slavs

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Conflicts on the Rise

• Ottoman Empire on decline
• New countries break away from Ottomans (Bulgaria,
  Greece Montenegro, Romania and Serbia)
• Russia and Austria competing over territory lost
  by Ottoman Empire
• Austria wants Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Serbian Nationalists object

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World War One

• Lecture Part II

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Fronts of the War

• Western Front
• Germany, France, Britain , and Belgium 475 miles
• Schlieffen Plan - German plan to attack France
  first and then attack Russia
• 1st Battle of the Marne
• Battle of Verdun
• Battle of the Somme
• 2nd Battle of the Marne US involved
• Eastern Front - Russia v. Germany and Austria
  (Baltic Sea to Black Sea)
• Tannenburg
• The Balkan Front -Ottoman Empire vs. British and
  Russian
• Gallipoli
• Italian Front- Italy and Austria- Hungary

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Europe 1916Alliances Fronts
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Modern Weapons of the War

• IR invention of new modern weapons
• Tanks
• Machine Guns
• Flame Throwers
• Airplanes
• Poison gas - chlorine gas (75 different types)
• Zeppelins
• Submarines

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The Trench War

• The Conditions
• Soldiers died of diseases
• Over the top meant to charge into no mans land
  the area between the trenches with barbed wire
  and land mines.
• Resulted in long war, casualties were high, no
  war heroes

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Homefront

• Total War
• All resources spent on war
• Gov took control of econ. told factories how
  much what to produce
• Everyone worked to support soldiers
• Rationing
• Women worked in industrial sector
• The Lost Generation- American expatriates after
  the war

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United States Enters the War

• Unrestricted Submarine Warfare.
• Sink without warning any ship near Britain
• German Naval Blockade 1917
• Lusitania -128 Americans May 1915
• Zimmermann Note
• British intercepted a message from Germany to
  Mexico asking for support in return for American
  territory
• Strong economic ties with France and Britain
  (trade)
• U.S. Declares war April 1917

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WWI Lecture

• Part III

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Outcomes

• Russia pulled out of the war because of a civil
  war Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
• Armistice November 11, 1918 (11-11-11)
• 8.5 million deaths, 338 billion spent
• Allies created the Treaty of Versailles
• Territorial changes in China, Middle East, Europe
  and N Africa

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Treaty of Versailles

• Peace treaty between Germany and the Allies after
  the war
• The Big Four
• Wilson US
• Clemenceau France
• Lloyd George England
• Italy Vittorio Orlando
• No defeated powers
• League of Nations
• Mandate System for colonies
• Territories administered by the League of
  Nations, Allied countries would govern mandates

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Wilson's Fourteen Points

• U.S. President Woodrow Wilson proposed a peace
  plan called The Fourteen Points
• End to secret treaties (Alliances)
• Freedom of the seas (Militarism)
• Free trade (Nationalism, Alliances)
• Arms reductions (Militarism)
• Self-determination /mandates (Nationalism,
  Imperialism)
• Fair treatment of Colonial people (Imperialism)
• League of Nations
• The United States Congress did not sign the final
  treaty

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Treaty of Versailles Provisions

• German Punishment
• Blamed for the war
• Forced to pay reparations (damages) of 33 billion
• France gained mining rights in the Saar Basin
• Limited military naval fleet turned over to the
  allies
• Military occupation Rhineland demilitarized and
  occupied for 15 years
• Lost territory to Poland, Czechoslovakia,
  Lithuania and France (Alsace-Lorraine)
• Lost colonies in Africa (Cameroon, German S.W.
  Africa, Zanzibar, Togoland German East Africa)
  and the Pacific (New Guinea, Samoa, Mariana
  islands)
• Ottoman Empire lost territory
• Palestine, Iraq and Transjordan - British Mandate
• Syria and Lebanon -French Mandate
• Russia Lost Territory
• Romania, Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia and
  Lithuania

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League of Nations

• One of Wilsons Fourteen Points
• Police the nations of the world
• Prevent future wars by settling disputes through
  diplomacy
• US did not join the League of Nations
• Had little/no power to enforce decisions
• Did not punish offending nations with military
  action
• Member could drop out at will
• Predecessor of The United Nations

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Journal Treaty of Versailles

• What problems might the Treaty of Versailles
  cause after WWI?
• Think about the Germany economy and the Mandate
  System