The Cardiovascular System

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The Cardiovascular System
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Blood
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Platelets
Erythrocytes
Monocyte
Neutrophils
Lymphocyte
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2.5 µm
Side view (cut)
7.5 µm
Top view
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Stem cell
Committed cell
Developmental pathway
Phase 1 Ribosome synthesis
Phase 2 Hemoglobin accumulation
Phase 3 Ejection of nucleus
Reticulo- cyte
Erythro- cyte
Early erythroblast
Late erythroblast
Proerythroblast
Normoblast
Hemocytoblast
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Differential WBC count
(All total 4800 10,800/l)
Formed elements
Platelets
Granulocytes
Neutrophils (50 70)
Leukocytes
Eosinophils (2 4)
Basophils (0.5 1)
Erythrocytes
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes (25 45)
Monocytes (3 8)
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(a) Neutrophil multilobed nucleus
(b) Eosinophil bilobed nucleus, red
cytoplasmic granules
(c) Basophil bilobed nucleus,
purplish-black cytoplasmic granules
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(d) Small lymphocyte large spherical
nucleus
(e) Monocyte kidney-shaped nucleus
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Platelets
Stem cell
Developmental pathway
Hemocyto- blast
Promegakaryocyte
Megakaryoblast
Megakaryocyte
Platelets
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1
Step Vascular spasm
Smooth muscle contracts, causing
vasoconstriction.
2
Step Platelet plug formation
Injury to lining of vessel exposes collagen
fibers platelets adhere.

Collagen fibers


Platelets release chemicals that make nearby
platelets sticky platelet plug forms.
Platelets
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Step Coagulation
Fibrin forms a mesh that traps red blood
cells and platelets, forming the clot.
Fibrin
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The Heart
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Aorta
Superior vena cava
Parietal pleura (cut)
Pulmonary trunk
Left lung
Pericardium (cut)
Apex of heart
Diaphragm
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Pulmonary trunk
Fibrous pericardium
Parietal layer
Pericardial cavity
Pericardium
Myocardium
Epicardium (visceral layer)
Myocardium
Endocardium
Heart chamber
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Left common carotid artery
Brachiocephalic trunk
Left subclavian artery
Superior vena cava
Aortic arch
Ligamentum arteriosum
Right pulmonary artery
Left pulmonary artery
Ascending aorta
Left pulmonary veins
Pulmonary trunk
Right pulmonary veins
Auricle of left atrium
Circumflex artery
Right atrium
Left coronary artery (in coronary sulcus)
Right coronary artery (in coronary sulcus)
Anterior cardiac vein
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Great cardiac vein
Right marginal artery
Anterior interventricular artery (in
anterior interventricular sulcus)
Small cardiac vein
Inferior vena cava
Apex
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Aorta
Superior vena cava
Left pulmonary artery
Right pulmonary artery
Right pulmonary veins
Left pulmonary veins
Auricle of left atrium
Right atrium
Left atrium
Inferior vena cava
Great cardiac vein
Coronary sinus
Right coronary artery (in coronary sulcus)
Posterior vein of left ventricle
Posterior interventricular artery (in
posterior interventricular sulcus)
Left ventricle
Apex
Middle cardiac vein
Right ventricle
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Aorta
Left pulmonary artery
Superior vena cava
Left atrium
Right pulmonary artery
Left pulmonary veins
Pulmonary trunk
Right atrium
Mitral (bicuspid) valve
Right pulmonary veins
Fossa ovalis
Aortic valve
Pectinate muscles
Pulmonary valve
Tricuspid valve
Left ventricle
Papillary muscle
Right ventricle
Interventricular septum
Chordae tendineae
Trabeculae carneae
Epicardium
Inferior vena cava
Myocardium
Endocardium
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Capillary beds of lungs where gas exchange occurs
Pulmonary Circuit
Pulmonary veins
Pulmonary arteries
Aorta and branches
Venae cavae
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Right atrium
Heart
Right ventricle
Systemic Circuit
Oxygen-rich, CO2-poor blood
Capillary beds of all body tissues where gas
exchange occurs
Oxygen-poor, CO2-rich blood
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Aorta
Pulmonary trunk
Superior vena cava
Left atrium
Anastomosis (junction of vessels)
Left coronary artery
Right atrium
Circumflex artery
Right coronary artery
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Anterior interventricular artery
Right marginal artery
Posterior interventricular artery
The major coronary arteries
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Superior vena cava
Great cardiac vein
Anterior cardiac veins
Coronary sinus
Small cardiac vein
Middle cardiac vein
The major cardiac veins
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QRS complex
Sinoatrial node
Ventricular depolarization
Ventricular repolarization
Atrial depolarization
Atrioventricular node
S-T Segment
P-Q Interval
Q-T Interval
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Blood Vessels and Circulation
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Venous system
Arterial system
Large veins (capacitance vessels)
Heart
Elastic arteries (conducting vessels)
Large lymphatic vessels
Lymph node
Muscular arteries (distributing vessels)
Lymphatic system
Small veins (capacitance vessels)
Arteriovenous anastomosis
Lymphatic capillary
Sinusoid
Arterioles (resistance vessels)
Postcapillary venule
Terminal arteriole
Metarteriole
Precapillary sphincter
Thoroughfare channel
Capillaries (exchange vessels)
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Vascular shunt
Precapillary sphincters
Metarteriole
Thoroughfare channel
True capillaries
Terminal arteriole
Postcapillary venule
(a) Sphincters openblood flows through true
capillaries.
Terminal arteriole
Postcapillary venule
(b) Sphincters closedblood flows through
metarteriole thoroughfare channel and bypasses
true capillaries.
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Arteries of the head and trunk
Internal carotid artery
Arteries that supply the upper limb
External carotid artery
Common carotid arteries
Subclavian artery
Vertebral artery
Axillary artery
Subclavian artery
Brachiocephalic trunk
Brachial artery
Aortic arch
Ascending aorta
Radial artery
Coronary artery
Ulnar artery
Thoracic aorta (above diaphragm)
Deep palmar arch
Superficial palmar arch
Celiac trunk
Abdominal aorta
Digital arteries
Superior mesenteric artery
Arteries that supply the lower limb
Renal artery
Gonadal artery
External iliac artery
Femoral artery
Common iliac artery
Popliteal artery
Inferior mesenteric artery
Anterior tibial artery
Internal iliac artery
Posterior tibial artery
Arcuate artery
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Ophthalmic artery
Branches of the external carotid artery
Basilar artery
Vertebral artery
Superficial temporal artery Maxillary
artery Occipital artery Facial artery
Lingual artery Superior thyroid artery
Internal carotid artery

External carotid artery
Common carotid artery

Thyrocervical trunk
Larynx
Costocervical trunk
Thyroid gland (overlying trachea)
Subclavian artery
Clavicle (cut)
Brachiocephalic trunk
Axillary artery
Internal thoracic artery
Arteries of the head and neck, right aspect
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Anterior
Cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis)
Frontal lobe
Optic chiasma
Anterior communicating artery
Middle cerebral artery

Anterior cerebral artery
Internal carotid artery
Posterior communicating artery

Mammillary body
Posterior cerebral artery
Basilar artery
Temporal lobe
Vertebral artery
Pons
Occipital lobe
Cerebellum
Posterior
Major arteries serving the brain (inferior view,
right side of cerebellum and part of
right temporal lobe removed)
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Vertebral artery
Common carotid arteries
Thyrocervical trunk
Left subclavian artery
Suprascapular artery
Right subclavian artery
Costocervical trunk
Brachiocephalic trunk
Thoracoacromial artery
Posterior intercostal arteries
Axillary artery
Posterior circumflex humeral artery
Anterior intercostal artery
Anterior circumflex humeral artery
Internal thoracic artery
Descending aorta
Subscapular artery
Lateral thoracic artery
Brachial artery
Radial artery
Deep artery of arm
Ulnar artery
Common interosseous artery
Deep palmar arch
Superficial palmar arch
Digital arteries
Illustration, anterior view
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Veins of the head and trunk
Veins that drain the upper limb
Dural venous sinuses
Subclavian vein
External jugular vein
Axillary vein
Vertebral vein
Cephalic vein
Internal jugular vein
Brachial vein
Right and left brachiocephalic veins
Basilic vein
Superior vena cava
Median cubital vein
Great cardiac vein
Ulnar vein
Hepatic veins
Radial vein
Splenic vein
Digital veins
Hepatic portal vein
Veins that drain the lower limb
Renal vein
Superior mesenteric vein
External iliac vein
Femoral vein
Inferior vena cava
Great saphenous vein
Inferior mesenteric vein
Popliteal vein
Common iliac vein
Posterior tibial vein
Internal iliac vein
Anterior tibial vein
Small saphenous vein
Illustration, anterior view. The vessels of
the pulmonary circulation are not
shown.
Dorsal venous arch
Dorsal metatarsal veins
 
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Superficial temporal vein
Ophthalmic vein
Occipital vein
Facial vein
Posterior auricular vein
External jugular vein
Vertebral vein
Internal jugular vein
Superior and middle thyroid veins
Brachiocephalic vein
Subclavian vein
Superior vena cava
Veins of the head and neck, right superficial
aspect
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Internal jugular vein
Brachiocephalic veins
External jugular vein
Right subclavian vein
Left subclavian vein
Axillary vein
Superior vena cava
Brachial vein
Cephalic vein
Azygos vein
Basilic vein
Accessory hemiazygos vein
Hemiazygos vein
Posterior intercostals
Inferior vena cava
Median cubital vein
Ascending lumbar vein
Median antebrachial vein
Basilic vein
Cephalic vein
Ulnar vein
Radial vein
Deep palmar venous arch
Superficial palmar venous arch
Digital veins
Anterior view
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Inferior vena cava (not part of hepatic portal
system)
Gastric veins
Hepatic veins
Spleen
Inferior vena cava
Liver
Splenic vein
Right gastroepiploic vein
Hepatic portal vein
Inferior mesenteric vein
Superior mesenteric vein
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum
The hepatic portal circulation.