APUSH

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APUSH UNIT 2CHAPTERS 6-9

• Duel for North America
• War for American Independence
• Building a New Nation

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France and the Clash of EmpiresPages 105-111

• French colonial goals and issues
• Comparisons to England and Spain
• Impacts of the Peace of Utrecht
• World Wars and the Americas

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Beaver Felt Hats
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French and Indian WarPages 111-119

• Causes
• Key Events
• Key Individuals
• Outcomes
• Impact on the Colonists

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Albany Plan

• It is proposed that humble application be made
  for an act of Parliament of Great Britain, by
  virtue of which one general government may be
  formed in America, including all the said
  colonies, within and under which government each
  colony may retain its present constitution,
  except in the particulars wherein a change may be
  directed by the said act, as hereafter follows.
• 1. That the said general government be
  administered by a President-General, to be
  appointed and supported by the crown and a Grand
  Council, to be chosen by the representatives of
  the people of the several Colonies met in their
  respective assemblies.
• 5. That after the first three years, when the
  proportion of money arising out of each Colony to
  the general treasury can be known, the number of
  members to be chosen for each Colony shall, from
  time to time, in all ensuing elections, be
  regulated by that proportion, yet so as that the
  number to be chosen by any one Province be not
  more than seven, nor less than two.

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Albany Plan (Cont)

• 9. That the assent of the President-General be
  requisite to all acts of the Grand Council, and
  that it be his office and duty to cause them to
  be carried into execution.
• 14. That they make laws for regulating and
  governing such new settlements, till the crown
  shall think fit to form them into particular
  governments.
• 15. That they raise and pay soldiers and build
  forts for the defence of any of the Colonies, and
  equip vessels of force to guard the coasts and
  protect the trade on the ocean, lakes, or great
  rivers but they shall not impress men in any
  Colony, without the consent of the Legislature.

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Albany Plan (Cont)

• 16. That for these purposes they have power to
  make laws, and lay and levy such general duties,
  imposts, or taxes, as to them shall appear most
  equal and just (considering the ability and other
  circumstances of the inhabitants in the several
  Colonies), and such as may be collected with the
  least inconvenience to the people rather
  discouraging luxury, than loading industry with
  unnecessary burdens.
• 22. That, in case of the death of the
  President-General, the Speaker of the Grand
  Council for the time being shall succeed, and be
  vested with the same powers and authorities, to
  continue till the King's pleasure be known.

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MercantilismPages 121-125

• Theory
• Adam Smiths opinion?
• Role of the Navigation Laws
• Prosperity trickles down?
• Economic bondage?

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Adam Smith

• Big Daddy of Economics
• To prohibit a great people, however, from making
  all that they can of every part of their own
  produce, or from employing their stock and
  industry in the way that they judge most
  advantageous to themselves, is a manifest
  violation of the most sacred rights of mankind.

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Which one is the colonist?
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Opening Paragraphs

• Write an opening paragraph lt 7 minutes
• Remember
• What is the question asking?
• B.T.O.
• Background
• Thesis central theme
• Organization How will the essay go?

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Essay Question

• To what extent was British mercantilist policy
  responsible for the economic success of the
  colonies?
• What does the question ask for?
• How would you start your response?

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Acts and more Acts.Pages 125-135

• Sugar Act
• Significance and components
• Quartering Act
• Stamp Act
• Issues, actions, and outcomes
• Townshend Acts
• Intolerable Acts
• Significance and components

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Colonial ResponsesPages 125-135

• Boston Massacre
• Significance
• Committees of correspondence
• Goals
• Tea Party
• Outcomes and reactions
• First Continental Congress
• Key Actions
• Lexington and Concord

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The Boston Massacre
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Crispus Attucks

• "And honor to Crispus Attucks,who was leader and
  voice that dayThe first to defy,and the first
  to die,with Maverick, Carr and Gray.It riot or
  revolution,or mob or crowd as you may,such
  deaths have been seeds of nations,such lives
  shall be honored for ay".- John Boyle O'Reilly

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Committees of Correspondence
Purpose ? warn neighboring colonies
about incidents with British. ?
broaden the resistance movement.
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Tea Act (1773)

• British East India Co.
• Monopoly on Br. tea imports.
• Many members of Parl. held shares.
• Permitted the Co. to sell tea directly to cols.
  without col. middlemen (cheaper tea!)
• North expected the cols. to eagerly choose the
  cheaper tea.

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Boston Tea Party (1773)
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The Coercive or IntolerableActs (1774)
1. Port Bill
2. Government Act
3. New Quartering Act
Lord North
4. Administration of Justice Act
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TheQuebec Act (1774)
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First Continental Congress (1774)
55 delegates from 12 colonies
Agenda ? How to respond to the Coercive Acts
the Quebec Act?
1 vote per colony represented.
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The British Are Coming . . .
Paul Revere William Dawes make their midnight
ride to warn the Minutemen of approaching British
soldiers.
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The Shot Heard Round the World!
Lexington Concord April 18,1775
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Was the American Revolution Inevitable??
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Does this sound familiar?

• The worlds most powerful nation is caught up in
  a war against a small guerrilla army.
• The superpower must resupply its troops from
  thousands of miles away (very expensive).
• Support for the war at home is divided.

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Does this sound familiar? (Part 2)

• The rebels are receiving financial and military
  support from the superpowers chief rival.
• As the war drags on and casualties increase,
  generals are disgraced and the rebels gain
  momentum.
• Who is the superpower? Who are the rebels?

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History Repeats Itself

• The American Revolution
• Vietnam
• Iraq?

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Comparing the CombatantsPages 135-138
Britain Americans
Advantages ? ?
Disadvantages ? ?
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Military Strengths and Weaknesses

• Continental Army
• Strengths
• Home field
• Motivating cause
• Inspirational leadership
• European officers
• Weaknesses
• Untrained soldiers
• Shortages of food and equipment
• Limited navy
• No central government

• Britain
• Strengths
• Best trained soldiers and sailors in the World
• Strong government with available funds
• Support of loyalists and Native Americans
• Weaknesses
• Weak military leaders
• Distance from home
• Lack of personal involvement
• Unfamiliar territory

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Washingtons Headaches

• Only 1/3 of the colonists were in favor of a war
  for independence the other third were Loyalists,
  and the final third were neutral.
• State/colony loyalties.
• Congress couldnt tax to raise money for the
  Continental Army.
• Poor training until the arrival of Baron von
  Steuben.

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Military Strategies
The Americans
The British

• Attrition the Brits had a long supply line.
• Guerilla tactics fight an insurgent war ? you
  dont have to win a battle, just wear the British
  down
• Make an alliance with one of Britains enemies.

• Break the colonies in half by getting between the
  No. the So.
• Blockade the ports to prevent the flow of goods
  and supplies from an ally.
• Divide and Conquer ? use the Loyalists.

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Exports Imports 1768-1783
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Early StagesPages 142-147

• Second Continental Congress
• Goals
• Actions
• Bunker Hill
• Significance
• Olive Branch Petition
• Outcomes
• Role of the Hessians

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Thomas PainePages 142-147

• Slow road to Independence?
• Common Sense
• Republicanism
• What?
• Why?
• Flavors?

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Bunker Hill (June, 1775)
The British suffered over 40 casualties.
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The Second Continental Congress(1775)
Olive Branch Petition
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Thomas Paine Common Sense
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Selections

• The cause of America is, in a great measure, the
  cause of all mankind. Many circumstances have,
  and will arise, which are not local, but
  universal, and through which the principles of
  all lovers of mankind are affected, and in the
  event of which, their affections are interested.
  The laying a country desolate with fire and
  sword, declaring war against the natural rights
  of all mankind, and extirpating the defenders
  thereof from the face of the earth, is the
  concern of every man to whom nature hath given
  the power of feeling of which class, regardless
  of party censure, is COMMON SENSE

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Selections

• SOME writers have so confounded society with
  government, as to leave little or no distinction
  between them whereas they are not only
  different, but have different origins. Society is
  produced by our wants, and government by our
  wickedness the former promotes our happiness
  positively by uniting our affections, the latter
  negatively by restraining our vices. The one
  encourages intercourse, the other creates
  distinctions. The first is a patron, the last a
  punisher

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Phase I The Northern Campaign1775-1776
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Phase II NY PA1777-1778
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New York City in Flames(1776)
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Washington Crossing the Delaware
Painted by Emanuel Leutze, 1851
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Declaration of IndependencePages 147-155

• Reason for?
• Jeffersons dilemma
• Key points
• Audience
• Role of the signers?

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Patriots and LoyalistsPages 147-155

• Loyalists
• Who? Why? Where?
• Impacts on the Patriots
• Patriots
• Who?
• Tactics

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Declaration of Independence

• When in the course of human events?
• We hold these truths to be?
• All men are equal?
• Unalienable rights?
• Protection of Divine Providence
• Lives, Fortunes, and Honor

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Declaration of Independence (1776)
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Declaration of Independence
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Independence Hall
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New National Symbols
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Loyalist Strongholds
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French Aid /Turning Points Pages 155-162

• Motives
• Assistance / Alliance
• Global impact
• Turning Points
• Key contributions
• Key events

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Peace at ParisPages 155-162

• Climate for Peace
• French Goals
• Treaty Conditions
• British strategy
• American gains

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Saratoga Turning Point of the War?
A modern-day re-enactment
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Phase III The Southern Strategy 1780-1781
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Britains Southern Strategy

• Britain thought that there were more Loyalists in
  the South.
• Southern resources were more valuable/worth
  preserving.
• The British win a number of small victories, but
  cannot pacify the countryside similar to U. S.
  failures in Vietnam!
• Good US GeneralNathanial Greene

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The Battle of Yorktown (1781)
Count de Rochambeau
AdmiralDe Grasse
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Cornwallis Surrender at Yorktown
The World Turned Upside Down!
Painted by John Trumbull, 1797
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Why did the British Lose???
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North America After theTreaty of Paris, 1783
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Revolutionary IdeologyPages 166-173

• Evolution of egalitarianism
• Civic Virtue
• Birth of Republican Motherhood
• Major issues in the new Republic
• Role of popular sovereignty
• Economic atmosphere
• Social atmosphere

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Articles of ConfederationPages 166-173

• Issues
• Compromises
• Major weaknesses

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Civic Virtue

• What do I owe to my times, to my country, to my
  neighbors, to my friends? Such are the questions
  which a virtuous man ought often to ask himself.
    Johann Kaspar Lavater, German poet and
  physiognomist (1741-1801)

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Civic Virtue

• A nation, as a society, forms a moral person,
  and every member of it is personally responsible
  for his society."  Thomas Jefferson, Founding
  Father and third U.S. president (1743-1826), in a
  letter to  George Hammond, 1792

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It takes a Village to raise a child?
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Articles of Confederation Government 1781-1789
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Weaknesses of theArticles of Confederation

• A unicameral Congress 9 of 13 votes to pass a
  law.
• 13 out of 13 to amend.
• Representatives were frequently absent.
• Could not tax or raise armies.
• No executive or judicial branches.

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State Constitutions

• Republicanism.
• Most had strong governors with veto power.
• Most had bicameral legislatures.
• Property required for voting.
• Some had universal white male suffrage.
• Most had bills of rights.
• Many had a continuation of state-established
  religions while others disestablished religion.

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Occupational Composition of Several State
Assembliesin the 1780s
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Indian Land Cessions1768-1799
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Disputed Territorial ClaimsBetween Spain the
U. S.1783-1796
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State Claims to Western Lands
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Views regarding the Articles

• "The issue today is the same as it has been
  throughout all history, whether man shall be
  allowed to govern himself or be ruled by a small
  elite."-- Thomas Jefferson

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End of the Articles?Pages 173-181

• Land Ordinance of 1785
• Significance
• Northwest Ordinance of 1787
• Significance
• Issues for the Articles
• Foreign policy
• Interstate commerce
• Mobocracy

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Constitutional ConventionPages 173-181

• Demigods?
• Characters
• Characteristics
• Plans and more plans..
• Virginia, NJ, Great Compromise, 3/5 Compromise
• Slavery issue
• Safeguards

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Northwest Ordinance of 1785
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The United States in 1787
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American Exports, To From Britain 1783-1789
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Annapolis Convention (1786)

• 12 representatives from 5 statesNY, NJ, PA, DE,
  VA
• GOAL ? address barriers that limited trade and
  commerce between the states.
• Not enough states were represented to make any
  real progress.
• Sent a report to the Congress to call a meeting
  of all the states to meet in Philadelphia to
  examine areas broader than just trade and
  commerce.

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WholesalePriceIndex1770-1789
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Shays Rebellion 1786-7

• Daniel Shays
• Western MA
• Small farmers angered by crushing debts and taxes.

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Shays Rebellion 1786-7
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Shays Rebellion 1786-7
There could be no stronger evidence of the want
of energy in our governments than these disorders.
-- George Washington
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Federalists vs. AntifederalistsPages 181-187

• Federalists
• Opinions
• Leaders
• Methods
• Antifederalists
• Opinions
• Leaders
• Methods

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Ratification in the States Pages 181-187

• State issues and actions
• Consensus or extortion?
• Revolution or evolution?

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Which side?

• "the true theory of our Constitution is surely
  the wisest and best . . . (for) when all
  government . . . shall be drawn to Washington as
  the centre of all power, it will render powerless
  the checks provided of one government on another,
  and will become as . . . oppressive as the
  government from which we separated."--Thomas
  Jefferson

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Which side?

• "The powers delegated by the proposed
  Constitution to the federal government are few
  and defined. Those which are to remain in the
  State governments are numerous and
  indefinite."-- James Madison, Federal No. 45,
  January 26, 1788

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Federalist vs. Anti-FederalistStrongholds at the
End of the War
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