Title: Lauren Litchet
1ARTChapters 10-18
- Lauren Litchet
- APUSH
- Period 1
2The Written Word
- A print revolution began in 1826
- The American Tract Society installed the
countrys first steam-powered press - Steam powered press produced 300,000 Bibles and 6
million religious tracts - In 1810 there were 376 newspapers
- In 1835 there were as many as 1,200 newspapers
- Most newspapers were published by political
parties and were openly partisan - Thorough the country, religious literature was
the most widely read - A middle-class audience existed for literary
magazines - Women especially read sentimental magazines and
novels
3The Telegraph
- Samuel F.B. Morse sent his first message from
Washington to Baltimore in 1844 - Morse code was used to send messages across the
country - The timeliness of information available vastly
increased - The telegraph increased everyones sense of
community
4American Artists
- Thomas Cole
- Came to America from England in 1818
- Found inspiration in the American landscape
- Paintings reflect the influence of the British
Romantic school of landscape painting - Founded the Hudson River school of American
painting - Had a nationalistic style is a key focus in his
school - Known for his scenes of New York States Catskill
and Adirondack Mountains
5American Artists Continued
- Western Painters
- Realists Karl Bodmer and George Catlin
- Romantics Albert Bierstadt and Thomas Moran
- Drew on the Western Landscape and its peoples
- Their art was a contribution to the American
sense of the land and the nations identity - George Catlin
- Driven by the need to document Indian life before
it disappeared - Spent 8 years among tribes of the upper Missouri
River - Toured the country from 1837 to 1851 in an
unsuccessful attempt to arouse public indignation
about the Western Indian nations
6American Artists Continued
- John James Audubon
- Etchings of American birds
- George Caleb Bingham
- Produced tidied-up scenes of real-life American
workers - Record the way of American life
- The inspiration of the painters most prevalent
theme, the American wilderness, was endangered by
the rapid western settlement
7Architecture in America
- Neoclassical style were favored for public
buildings - In the south many homes were mansions
- Americans were in too much of a hurry to build
for the future - Built balloon-frame structures a basic frame of
wooden studs fastened with crosspieces top and
bottom - First used in Chicago in the 1830s
- The four-room balloon-frame house became
affordable for many families which was housing
for the common man and his family
8Artisans in the South
- A small number of slaves were skilled workers
- Artisan tasks included
- Weavers
- Carpenters
- Seamstresses
- Blacksmiths
- Mechanics
9Urban Artisans in the North
- Urban artisans kept long hours
- Crafts often interrupted families activities and
neighborliness - Formal apprenticeship was strictly for men
- It was assumed that once women married they would
learn a domestic skill or craft - Women who wanted to work often worked as
seamstresses or as laundresses
10Art in the 1820s
- The Hudson River School emerged as a loosely
organized group of painters, whose subjects
depicted the natural settings of the American
continent - art movement was reflective of America and
influential to Americans - works were part of visual culture
- Artists in the Hudson River School
- Thomas Cole
- Thomas Doughty
- Alvan Fisher
- In 1822 John Rubens Smith produced the Juvenile
Drawing Book - three volumes and sold for seventy-two dollars
11Art in the 1820s Continued
- William Bentley Fowle wrote An Introduction to
Linear Drawing - first documented book for teaching art in the
United States public schools - gave directions for drawing lines, angles,
geometry, simple moldings, classical forms, and
architecture - Fielding Lucas published Lucas Progressive
Drawing Book - taught pencil drawing, landscape watercolor
painting, and perspective - never adopted by public schools
12Art in the 1830s
- Wheaton College, becomes one of the first
primarily liberal arts devoted schools - The Creation of Negatives
- William Henry Fox Talbot discovered a way to use
a negative to make duplicate positive prints
without losing the image on the negative - The Latticed Window, is known to be the oldest
negative - Photography
- In 1839 Sir John Herschel coined the term
Photography and this is the year the
photographic process became public
13Art in the 1840s
- Elizabeth Palmer Peabody
- pioneer in art education
- published papers about how art needed to be
taught in school - in 1846 the Smithsonian Institute National Museum
of American Art opens - holds the largest collection of American art in
the world - John Gadsby Chapman published American Drawing
Book - It was to be used in schools as well as home
instruction
14Art in the 1840s Continued
- The Philadelphia School of Design for Women
- established by Sarah Worthington Peter
- the first and only art college for women in the
United States - The school gave women a chance to learn both a
trade to become financially independent, and gain
an education and respect from her peers
15Art in the 1850s
- The stereoscope becomes popular in 1851
- Stereoscope - unites images that are seen
differently by each eye into one image creating a
three-dimensional scene that allows the viewer to
experience depth - The stereoscope allows landscape photographers
helping to equally represent a landscape from
two different points of sight - New York's School of Design for Women
- Established in 1852
- Focused on teaching technical drawing and
designing paper and textiles for manufacturers - Van Gogh
- Was born in 1853
- worked as an artist in the Post-Impressionist
period
16Art in the 1850s Continued
- The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science
and Art - Founded in 1859 by Peter Cooper
- The union was a college that was to prepare
students for the professions of architecture, art
and engineering - Realism
- Started to appear in the 1850s
- Realisms purpose was to accurately depict and
create artwork that was identical to that of the
ordinary world - Realism was a faith based movement as well as an
artistic movement - Realism focused on the emphasis of light,
photography, construction and architecture
17Landscape Painting During the Civil War
- Landscape painting was made popular during the
Civil War era due to the Hudson River School - The Hudson River School Was said to be founded by
Thomas Cole, an English painter, seeing that he
sparked the Landscape movement within the United
States - The majority of the Landscape painters within
America were located in New York City - The Hudson River Schools artists were known to
incorporate romanticism into their Landscape
designs - Hudson River School painters typically painted
landscapes such as the Adirondacks, Hudson River
Valley, Catskills and the White Mountains within
their paintings - The Hudson River School slowly evolved to
painting western landscapes - Most landscape scenes produced by the Hudson
River School were composite scenes paintings
that were a compilation of real and imaginary
places - Artists within the Hudson River Schools
Landscape Movement - Asher B. Durand
- Thomas Doughty
- Thomas Cole
- Thomas Moran
18Impressionism During the Civil War
- Paintings sought to convey the fleeting effects
of sunlight and atmosphere - Artists wanted to create a heightened sense of
reality in their work - Artists painted landscapes and scenes of leisure
- Artists attempted to capture the overall sense of
light - Artists attempted to replicate French
Impressionism while blending in their own
interpretation of it - American Impressionists tended to retain more
structure and realism in their work as opposed to
French artists - American impressionists hoped to recreate the
same spirit of camaraderie found in art colonies
abroad
19Impressionism During the Civil War Continued
- Notable American Impressionists
- Frank Weston Benson
- J. Ottis Adams
- Mary Cassatt
- William Merritt Chase
- Childe Hassam
- J. Alden Weir
20Realism During the Civil War
- Visual art style that depicts the actuality of
what the eyes can see - Realist artists tend to paint situations and
dilemmas that discard anything extra - Realism artists painted scenes that depicted a
contemporary view of what was happening in the
world around them - Artists attempted to define what was real through
their artwork
21Realism During the Civil War Continued
- Notable Realism artists
- Thomas Eakins
- Painted The Champion Single Sculling
- John Singer Sargent
- Painted Morning Walk
- James McNeill Whistler
- Painted Arrangement in Grey and Black The
Artists Mother - Winslow Homer
- Painted Sunlight on the Coast
22Photography During the Civil War
- Matthew M. Brady Was granted permission from
Abraham Lincoln to document the war with
photographs - Bradley financed photographers to document
primarily the Unions military - Alexander Gardner was the most prominent
photographer that Brady had hired to photograph
the war - It was too dangerous to take photographs on the
battlefield, so the photographers took photos of
the soldiers at camp, preparing for battle and
the bloody aftermath of each battle
23Photography During the Civil War Continued
- Photographers used wet plate negatives to develop
their photos - When a photographer was ready to take a picture
they had to prepare a sheet of glass that was
coated with collodion and silver nitrate - This glass plate was then placed in front of the
camera and acted as the film - Each glass plate produced one photograph
- Once the photograph was captured, the glass plate
negative was then developed in a darkroom tent - Due to the complexity of taking photographs,
photographers were limited in taking battle
specific photographs
24Photography During the Civil War Continued
- At the end of the war two books were published
depicting the war with photographs - Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War
(186566) - This book was composed of over 100 photographs
from the war along with numerous sketches from
the war - Photographic Views of Sherman's Campaign (1866)
- This book is composed of photographs with
captions depicting the Civil War
25Key Terms
- Religious tracts small pamphlets used for
religious and political purposes - Partisan Committed member of a political party
- Telegraph a device for transmitting and
receiving messages over long distances - Neo-Classical Style manifested both in its
details as a reaction against the Rococo style of
naturalistic ornament, and in its architectural
formulas as an outgrowth of some classicizing
features of Late Baroque - Seamstress a woman who makes her living through
sewing
26Key Terms Continued
- Perspective - a technique of depicting volumes
and spatial relationships on a flat surface - Stereoscope - unites images that are seen
differently by each eye into one image creating a
three-dimensional scene that allows the viewer to
experience depth - Post-Impressionist - A school of painting in
France in the late 19th century that rejected the
objective naturalism of impressionism and used
form and color in more personally expressive ways - Realism artwork whose purpose was to accurately
depict and create artwork that was identical to
that of the ordinary world - Progressive - Proceeding in steps continuing
steadily by increments
27Key Terms Continued
- Impressionism style of painting originally
developed in France that was characterized by
strokes of unmixed colors to give the impression
of reflective light - Realism an art movement aimed at representing
the real world in a visually truthful way - Collodion flammable solution of pyroxylin that
is used to produce wet plate negatives - Camaraderie mutual trust and friendship among
people who spend a lot of time together - Contemporary views a modern or sophisticated
approach to a situation
28Important People
- Thomas Cole
- Came to America from England in 1818
- Found inspiration in the American landscape
- Paintings reflect the influence of the British
Romantic school of landscape painting - Founded the Hudson River school of American
painting - Had a nationalistic style is a key focus in his
school - Known for his scenes of New York States Catskill
and Adirondack Mountains - George Catlin
- Driven by the need to document Indian life before
it disappeared - Spent 8 years among tribes of the upper Missouri
River - Toured the country from 1837 to 1851 in an
unsuccessful attempt to arouse public indignation
about the Western Indian nations
29Important People Continued
- William Henry Fox Talbot
- Discovered a way to use a negative to make
duplicate positive prints without losing the
image on the negative - The Latticed Window, is known to be the oldest
negative - Elizabeth Palmer Peabody
- Pioneer in art education in the 1840s
- Published papers about how art needed to be
taught in school
30Important People Continued
- Thomas Cole
- English-born American artist
- Said to be the founder of the Hudson River School
- Artistic movement that sparked interest in
landscape painting in the 19th century - Known for his detailed paintings of American
landscapes and the American wilderness - Featured themes of naturalism and romanticism
- Mary Cassatt
- Was an American painter and printmaker
- Spent most of her adult life in France painting
- Was an artist of the impressionist movement
- Painted portraits of women and children
- Paintings focused on the bond between mothers and
their children
311
- When did the printing revolution begin?
- a. 1826
- b. 1829
- c. 1828
- d. 1830
32Answer
332
- How many bibles were produced from the steam
powered press? - a. 500,000
- b. 400,000
- c. 300,000
- d. 200,000
34Answer
353
- Men typically read sentimental magazine and
novels. - a. True
- b. False
36Answer
374
- Morse sent his first message from
- a. Boston to New York City
- b. Philadelphia to Washington
- c. Baltimore to Boston
- d. Washington to Baltimore
38Answer
395
- Thomas Cole came to America from
- a. France
- b. England
- c. Germany
- d. Austria
40Answer
416
- Which painter wanted to document Indian life?
- a. Bingham
- b. Moran
- c. Bodmer
- d. Catlin
42Answer
437
- Audubon made etchings of American birds.
- a. True
- b. False
44Answer
458
- The first balloon-frame structures were built in
- a. Washington
- b. Philadelphia
- c. Chicago
- d. Savannah
46Answer
479
- Which of the following was NOT an artisan task in
the south? - a. Weavers
- b. Seamstresses
- c. Blacksmith
- d. Cotton picker
48Answer
4910
- In the north, women who wanted to work were
unable to because of the restrictions placed on
them. - a. True
- b. False
50Answer
5111
- Who produced the Juvenile Drawing Book?
- a. John Rubens
- b. Thomas Cole
- c. Thomas Doughty
- d. Alvan Fisher
52Answer
5312
- What was the first documented book for teaching
art in public schools in the united states? - a. Juvenile Drawing Book
- b. Lucas Progressive Drawing Book
- c. An Introduction to Linear Drawing
- d. The Latticed Window
54Answer
5513
- Who discovered the way to create multiple prints?
- a. Peabody
- b. Herschel
- c. Lucas
- d. Talbot
56Answer
5714
- The term photography was coined in this year
- a. 1836
- b. 1837
- c. 1838
- d. 1839
58Answer
5915
- Where is the largest collection of American Art
held? - a. The Louvre
- b. The Guggenheim
- c. The Smithsonian Institute
- d. The Met
60Answer
6116
- Which of the following is NOT true about The
Philadelphia School of Design for Women? - a. It was established by Sara Warrington
- b. It was the first art college for women in the
United States - c. The school offered women an education not only
in art, but in the humanities - d. It gave women the opportunity to be
financially independent
62Answer
6317
- The stereoscope becomes popular in what year?
- a. 1850
- b. 1851
- c. 1852
- d. 1853
64Answer
6518
- Van Gough was known as
- a. An impressionist
- b. A post- impressionist
- c. A realist
- d. A surrealist
66Answer
6719
- Realism
- a. Attempted to depict the everyday world
identically - b. Was disproportional
- c. Used dark, harsh, contrasting colors that did
not deal with light - d. Was only focused on drawing and painting
68Answer
6920
- The Cooper Union was founded in what year by
Peter Cooper? - a. 1856
- b. 1857
- c. 1858
- d. 1859
70Answer
7121
- Landscape paintings were made popular by which
school? - a. The Hudson River Valley School
- b. The Hudson River School
- c. The Hudson Valley School
- d. The Hudson School of Art
72Answer
7322
- Who was the Hudson River School founded by?
- a. Thomas Cole
- b. Asher B. Durand
- c. Thomas Moran
- d. Thomas Doughty
74Answer
7523
- Hudson River School painters did NOT typically
paint which of the following landscapes - a. Hudson River Valley
- b. Adirondacks
- c. Catskills
- d. The Poconos
76Answer
7724
- Impressionism paintings sought to capture
- a. Nature
- b. Dusk
- c. Sunlight
- d. People
78Answer
7925
- Who is NOT considered to be an artist from the
Impressionist movement? - a. Mary Cassatt
- b. J. Alden Weir
- c. Frank Weston Benson
- d. James McNeill Whistler
80Answer
8126
- Realism
- a. Depicts only what the eyes can see
- b. Is a combination of real and imaginary scenes
- c. Depicts only portraits of people and their
interactions - d. Depicts objects that do not exist in everyday
life
82Answer
8327
- Who painted The Champion Single Sculling?
- a. Winslow Homer
- b. Thomas Eakins
- c. Childe Hassam
- d. John Singer Sargent
84Answer
8528
- Who was granted permission by Abraham Lincoln to
take pictures of the war? - a. Alexander Gardener
- b. Sherman
- c. Matthew M. Brady
- d. John Cook
86Answer
8729
- _________ acted as the film for each camera
during the Civil War. - a. Glass plates
- b. Glass discs
- c. Plastic plates
- d. Plastic discs
88Answer
8930
- Photographers used what kind of negatives to
develop their photographs? - a. Dry glass negatives
- b. Dry plate negatives
- c. Wet glass negatives
- d. Wet plate negatives
90Answer
91References
- Faragher, J.M., Buhle, M.J., Czitrom, D.,
Armitage, S.H. (2002). Out of Many, A History of
the American People. Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Prentice Hall.
92References Continued
- Multiple Authors. (2002). Decades of Art
Education History in Contexts of Schooling and
Artworlds. The History of Art Education in the
1800s. Retrieved from http//personal.psu.edu/m
as53/timln850.html
93References Continued
- Multiple Authors. (2009). Hudson River School
19th Century American Landscape Painting
Movement Lead by Thomas Cole. The Hudson River
School (1825-1875). Retrieved from
http//www.visual-arts- cork.com/history-of-art/hu
dson-river-school- landscape- painting.htm
94References Continued
- Penrose, Patricia. (2002). American Realism
1865-1910. American Collection American
Realism. Retrieved from http//www.ncteamerican
collection.org/amer_rea lism.htm
95References Continued
- Lloyd, Michael. (1997). American Impressionism.
Lyme Art Colony American Impressionism.
Retrieved from http//www.lymeart.com/AmericanI
mpressionis m/index.html
96References Continued
- Multiple Authors. Photography in the Civil War,
1861- 1865. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History.
Retrieved from http//www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd
/phcw/hd_ phcw.htm