The American Revolution

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The American Revolution 1775-1783
APUSH
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Locke and JeffersonJohn Lockes Second Treatise
of Government clearly influenced Thomas Jefferson
as he wrote the Declaration of Independence
Treatise Declaration
The state of nature has a law to govern it to preserve life, liberty and property men being by nature all free, equal, and independent for when any number of men have, by the consent of every individual, made a community, with a power to act as one body, which is only by the will and determination of the majority Laws of Nature and Natures God life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness all men are created equal Governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed
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On the Eve of the Revolution ?
Britain Americans
Advantages ? ?
Disadvantages ? ?
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Comparison Britain v Colonists
Britain The United States
Large Population, wealthy Professional trained, large army, help from Hessians and loyalists Less familiar with land Strong centralized govt to coordinate the war Distractions by competitive European nations that wished to see Britain fail Internal distractions to war commitment Second rate military leaders Fought offensive war Small population, little wealth Inexperienced soldiers, many citizen-based militia More familiarity with land Scattered colonial govts weak centralized govt Aid of France to American side Divisions between Loyalists and Patriots More competent military leaders Fought defensive war
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Loyalist Strongholds
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Washingtons Headaches

• Only 1/3 of the colonists were in favor of a war
  for independence the other third were Loyalists,
  and the final third were neutral.
• State/colony loyalties.
• Congress couldnt tax to raise money for the
  Continental Army.
• Poor training until the arrival of Baron von
  Steuben.

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Exports Imports 1768-1783
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Military Strategies
The Americans
The British

• Attrition the Brits had a long supply line.
• Guerilla tactics fight an insurgent war ? you
  dont have to win a battle, just wear the British
  down
• Make an alliance with one of Britains enemies.

• Break the colonies in half by getting between the
  No. the So.
• Blockade the ports to prevent the flow of goods
  and supplies from an ally.
• Divide and Conquer ? use the Loyalists.

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Phase I The Northern Campaign1775-1776
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Bunker Hill (June, 1775)
The British suffered over 40 casualties.
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Phase II NY PA1777-1778
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New York City in Flames(1776)
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Washington Crossing the Delaware
Defeats the Hessians 1776 (Trenton, NJ) allows
Army to head towards NY
Painted by Emanuel Leutze, 1851 Valley Forge
Pennsylvania Camp -Winter 1777-1778 2,000 men
die of cold and disease
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Saratoga (NY) Turning Point of the War?
Significance American victory convinces France
to join their side in the war effort
SPAIN TOO!
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Phase III The Southern Strategy 1780-1781
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Britains Southern Strategy

• Britain thought that there were more Loyalists in
  the South.
• Southern resources were more valuable/worth
  preserving.
• The British win a number of small victories, but
  cannot pacify the countryside similar to U. S.
  failures in Vietnam!
• Good US GeneralNathanial Greene

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The Battle of Yorktown (1781)
Franco-American Victory
Count de Rochambeau
RESULT Declaration of Independence formally
accepted by British Parliament
AdmiralDe Grasse
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Cornwallis Surrender at Yorktown
The World Turned Upside Down!
Painted by John Trumbull, 1797
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Why did the British Lose???
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North America After theTreaty of Paris, 1783
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Treaty of Paris - 1783

• Took two years to negotiate after Yorktown
  signed Sept. 1783
• Ben Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay represent
  America
• War very unpopular in Britain. Britain continues
  fight with France and Spain in West Indies (want
  quick negotiation with US)
• US and Britain negotiated in secret

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Treaty of Paris - 1783

• Americans gain independence
• Britain ceded so much land to America it ignored
  Indian territorial rights promised from French
  and Indian War
• Sets US/Canda boundary today
• America made out best in the end
• New idea of Republicanism sets in

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Republicanism

• The real revolution was the radical change in
  the principles, opinions, and sentiments, and
  affections of the people. John Adams
• Republicanism a govt based on elected
  assemblies with no king or established nobility
• Based on Equality and Liberty

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Articles of Confederation Government 1781-1789
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WholesalePriceIndex1770-1789
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Federalist vs. Anti-FederalistStrongholds at the
End of the War
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Weaknesses of theArticles of Confederation

• A unicameral Congress 9 of 13 votes to pass a
  law.
• 13 out of 13 to amend.
• Representatives were frequently absent.
• Could not tax or raise armies.
• No executive or judicial branches.

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State Constitutions

• Republicanism.
• Most had strong governors with veto power.
• Most had bicameral legislatures.
• Property required for voting.
• Some had universal white male suffrage.
• Most had bills of rights.
• Many had a continuation of state-established
  religions while others disestablished religion.

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Occupational Composition of Several State
Assembliesin the 1780s
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Indian Land Cessions1768-1799
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Disputed Territorial ClaimsBetween Spain the
U. S.1783-1796
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State Claims to Western Lands
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Land Ordinance of 1785
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Northwest Ordinance of 1787

• One of the major accomplishments of the
  Confederation Congress!
• Statehood achieved in three stages
• Congress appointed 3 judges a governor to
  govern the territory.
• When population reached 5,000 adult male
  landowners ? elect territorial legislature.
• When population reached 60,000 ? elect delegates
  to a state constitutional convention.

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The United States in 1787
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American Exports, To From Britain 1783-1789
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Annapolis Convention (1786)

• 12 representatives from 5 statesNY, NJ, PA, DE,
  VA
• GOAL ? address barriers that limited trade and
  commerce between the states.
• Not enough states were represented to make any
  real progress.
• Sent a report to the Congress to call a meeting
  of all the states to meet in Philadelphia to
  examine areas broader than just trade and
  commerce.

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Shays Rebellion 1786-7

• Daniel Shays
• Western MA
• Small farmers angered by crushing debts and taxes.

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Shays Rebellion 1786-7
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Shays Rebellion 1786-7
There could be no stronger evidence of the want
of energy in our governments than these disorders.
-- George Washington
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PP 200-211 Readings Write questions and answers
on a separate sheet

• 1. Per your reading, what were some significant
  powers of the Articles of Confederation?
• 2. Why did Maryland and PA originally refuse to
  sign the AOC?
• 3. What was the main financial issue by 1780?
  What did Robert Morris try to do?
• 4. Why were the Land Ordinances of the 1780s so
  significant to the future of America?
• 5. Although Shays Rebellion failed, how did the
  Patriot Families view America leadership? How did
  the British view America as a result of this
  rebellion?
• 6. What dominated the postwar political agenda by
  1787?
• 7. What were some of the major points of interest
  at the Constitutional Convention when the debate
  of slavery took place? (Use examples)

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Articles of Confederation
Strengths/Weaknesses
STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
Declare war Make treaties with other nations Request funds from the states Borrow and Print Money Settle disputes b/n states Land Ordinance of 1785 NW Ord. of 1787 No power to tax No organized military More state rights than central govt control\ - states had power to ignore the central govt Federal and State - led major confusion over value No executive and no judicial branch National Congress led by John Hancock Large debts France Spain demanding their money back 9 out of 13 to pass law 13 out of 13 to Amend




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Articles of Confederation
Leaders
Samuel Adams Patrick Henry
Thomas Jefferson James Madison
John Adams George Washington
Alexander Hamilton

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Short Answer Class/Home

• 1. To what extent was the American Revolution a
  movement for the colonists civil rights? Provide
  examples.
• 2. The Articles of Confederation could have
  worked if given enough time. Assess the
  validity of this quote with respect to the
  economic and political conditions of the 1780s.

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Articles of Confederation
https//www.youtube.com/watch?vEsSlpZX8DOQ