The Federalist Era

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Unit 4

• The Federalist Era

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Articles of Confederation

• Written by Second Continental Congress in 1777
• Not approved until 1780 because unanimous consent
  required
• Unicameral legislature for national government
• One representative from each of the 13 states
• NO Executive
• Each state remained sovereign
• Powers not specifically delegated to the national
  government Congress
• power for the states

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Powers given Federal Government under the
Articles of Confederation

• Limited Power for Federal Government
• Settlement of disputes between states
• Regulating foreign affairs Indian trade
• Setting value of national state coinage to
  ensure standardized trade
• No power to tax or raise money other than through
  the states
• No power to enforce its decisions on the states

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Articles Continued.

• Arguments For
• Most political power belonged to States
• Each State had one vote in Congress but sent as
  many representatives as wanted
• Kept power in hands of people
• Sufficient to win the Revolution

• Arguments Against
• Congress could not collect taxes
• Changes to Articles required unanimous vote
• Nationalists believed ordinary people could not
  wisely yield power
• Lack of national court system
• Lack of national economic policy

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Articles.Still

• Two acts passed by Confederation Congress
• Land Ordinance of 1785
• Northwest Ordinance of 1787

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Land Ordinance of 1785

• Surveyed and divided the Northwest Territory into
  36 miles sections 1.00 per section
• Section 16 set aside for education

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Land Ordinance of 1785
Lot 16 Reserved For Education
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Northwest Ordinance of 1787

• provided government for Northwest Territory.
• Provided legislation for territory to become a
  State.
• Abolished slavery in the Northwest Territory
• Gave citizens in territories the same rights as
  citizens of states

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Western Land Ceded By States To United States
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Articles are GREAT SUCCESS!NOT!

• National Government weak
• Cannot collect taxes
• No executive branch
• No judicial branch
• No national courts
• Each state prints own money
• States squabble over trade
• Nationalists fear weak government will topple

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SHAYS REBELLION

• Rebellion demonstrated the disorder and chaos
  occurring under weak federal government
• Rumors of rebellion by poor farmers terrorized
  better kind of people the elite

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Constitutional Convention

• Summer 1787
• Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
• Meet to revise the Articles of Confederation
• Soon realize, Articles cannot be revised and a
  new Constitution must be created.
• GUESS WHAT WAS RATIFIED in 1788??

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Continued.

• 12 states all except Rhode Island
• Most were upper class and educated
• Most middle aged
• Benjamin Franklin, 81, oldest
• James Madison did bulk of the work
• Madison read many books on history and political
  science to prepare

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Philadelphias State House location of the
Constitutional Convention In the Summer of
1787 Constitutional Hall
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Necessary and Proper Clause

• Article One, Section 8 of the Constitution lists
  the powers of Congress.
• The eighteenth and final entry says
• "To make all Laws which shall be necessary and
  proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing
  Powers vested by this Constitution in the
  Government of the United States, or in any
  Department or Officer thereof."
• The necessary and proper clause is a
  constitutional compromise between
• the Federalist not to enumerate any
  Congressional powers at all
• the Anti-Federalist to limit Congress to those
  items expressly itemized
• ELASTIC CLAUSE!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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Strict vs. Looseforeshadowing the future

• Must be printed in the Constitution
• Anti-Federalist
• Not-Implied
• Implicit
• Democratic-Republican
• Bill of Rights

• Gives more power to Federal government
• Implied Powers
• Federalist
• Elastic or Necessary Proper Clause
• Powers implied
• Which one is strict? Loose?

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Alexander Hamilton

• There are implied powers as well as expressed
  powers and the former are as effectively
  delegated as the latter.
• Alexander Hamilton
• from letters to
• President Washington
• On the Constitutionality
• Of a United States Bank

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Slavery

• Slave / Southern States
• Do not want Congress to control trading of
  slavery
• 3/5 Compromise
• ? Slaves count as 3/5 person for purposes of
  taxation and representation.
• Foreign slave trade would be banned in 20 years
  or in 1808

• Free / Northern States
• Northwestern Territory
• Want slavery limited

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Virginia Plan vs. NJ Plan

• James Madisons Plan
• Presented by Edmund Randolph
• Large States Plan
• Two house legislature
• Base on Population
• Judiciary Executive chosen by Congress
• Congress given increased power
• National govt could nullify state laws

• William Patersons Plan to revise the Articles of
  Confederation
• Small States plan
• Equal Representation for all States
• Gave Congress power over trade and taxation
• Rejected by the delegates

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Great Compromise

• States have equal representation in the Senate
  based on English House of Lords
• House of Representatives based on Population
  English House of Commons
• Electoral College initiatednot quite important
  yet
• AKA Bicameral Legislature
• Constitution is ratified in 1788!!!!!!!!!!

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THE FEDERALIST ERA (1789-1801)
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United States 1789-1800
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Washington Presidency

• Unanimously elected by the Electoral College in
  1789
• Why did Congress allow Washington to be President
  without any voting?
• Sworn in at NYC

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Washingtons Cabinet

• John Adams-VP
• Thomas Jefferson-Secretary of State
• Alexander Hamilton-Secretary of the Treasury
• Henry Knox- Secretary of War
• Edmund Randolph- Attorney General
• Set Precedent
• Characterized by the Hamilton-Jefferson Feud

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Judiciary Act 1789

• Supreme Court
• Organized federal district and circuit courts
• Established the office of attorney general
• Fatal provision

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Hamiltons Financial Plan

• Economic Philosophy
• Report on Public Credit (1790)-Shaping Fiscal
  Policy
• Report on Manufactures (1791)-Promotion of the
  Factory System

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THE BUS!!!! (Bank of the US)

• Provisions
• Jefferson and Madison
• Strict Construction vs. Loose Construction
• Elastic Clause aka?
• Signed February 1791
• Sparked the open public split between Hamilton
  and Jefferson.  

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The Whiskey Rebellion 1794

• Response to Excise Tax
• Militia summoned
• What is the Significance?
• More Support for Jefferson!
• However, Hamiltons financial plan became the
  cornerstone of America's financial system

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Birth of the Party System

• Did the Founding Fathers envision the existence
  of political parties?
• Hamiltonian Federalists and Jeffersonian
  Republicans (NOT Anti-Federalists)

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Federalist Era Foreign Policy

• Perhaps most distinguishing factor bewtween
  Hamiltonians and Jeffersonians
• French Revolution/Reign of Terror
• Washingtons Neutrality Proclamation
• Citizen Genet

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Foreign Policy

• Jays Treaty 1794
• Background
• Provisions
• Who Supported?
• Significance
• Pinckney Treaty 1795
• Access to Mississippi River and New Orleans
• Defeat of Indians in the Northwest
• General Wayne
• Battle of Fallen Timbers and Treaty of Greenville

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Election of 1796 and Adams Presidency

• Adams vs. Jefferson
• Neutrality
• War with France?
• XYZ Affair
• Undeclared Naval Warfare- Quasi-War
• Alien Sedition Acts
• Virginia Kentucky Resolutions
• Convention of 1800/Treaty of Mortefontaine

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THE XYZ AFFAIR A British cartoon shows the
United States (the young lady in the feathered
Indian headdress) being accosted by impertinent
and avaricious diplomats representing
Revolutionary France
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ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS A cartoon satirizing a
violent incident that occurred while Congress was
debating the Alien and Sedition Acts in 1798
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BRANDINGJEFFERSON AS ADANGEROUSRADICAL A
Federalist cartoon depictsThomas Jefferson was
an enemy of religion, lawful government, and the
Constitution, who wanted to import a French-style
revolution and reign of terrorto America.
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Jeffersons Inaugural Address

• But every difference of opinion is not a
  difference of principle. We have called by
  different names brethren of the same principle.
  We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.
  If there be any among us who would wish to
  dissolve this Union or to change its republican
  form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of
  the safety with which error of opinion may be
  tolerated where reason is left free to combat it.
  I know, indeed, that some honest men fear that a
  republican government can not be strong, that
  this Government is not strong enough but would
  the honest patriot, in the full tide of
  successful experiment, abandon a government which
  has so far kept us free and firm on the theoretic
  and visionary fear that this Government, the
  world's best hope, may by possibility want energy
  to preserve itself? I trust not.

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Jeffersons Presidency

• Peaceful Transfer of Power Revolution of 1800
• Reversing Federalist Policies
• "The government that governs least, governs best
• Kept most of Hamiltons Financial Plan
• 12th Amendment

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Judiciary Act of 1801

• Signed by Adams in the last days of his
  presidency
• Midnight Judges
• John Marshall Chief Justice of the Supreme
  Court
• Marbury v. Madison
• Significance?

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Louisiana Purchase

• Monroe and Livingston in Paris
• Napoleon and his dream of an American Empire
• 15 million
• Most important land purchase in US History
• Doubles the size of the US

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Exploration

• Lewis and Clark Expedition
• Sacajawea
• Zebulon Pike
• Explores the Southwestern US
• Pikes Peak in Colorado named after him
• Arrested in Mexico
• Settlement of Mexico territory

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IMPRESSMENT During Great Britains long war with
Revolutionary France, captains of Royal Navy
vessels made a practice of replenishing their
crews with sailors from American merchant ships.
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Embargo Act of 1807

• Purpose?
• Impressment, Chesapeake incident
• Ended trade with ALL foreign countries
• Beneficial for the US Economy?
• Jeffersons worst mistake as president
• Non-Intercourse Act (1809)

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A political cartoon showing merchants dodging the
"Ograbme", which is 'Embargo' spelled backwards
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Jeffersons Legacy

• Expansion
• Louisiana Purchase
• Increased presidential power
• Creation of a democratic, non-aristocratic
  government
• Total defeat of Federalists by 1816
• Kept the country out of a damaging European war

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Jefferson Presidency Review

• Peaceful Transfer of Power
• Revolution of 1800
• Maintained many Federalist programs
• Marbury vs. Madison
• Gave Supreme Court the power of judicial review
• Expansion
• Louisiana Purchase
• Embargo Act (1807)

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War of 1812

• Madison Inaugurated in 1809
• Virginia Dynasty
• 4 out 5 first US presidents are from Virginia
• Virginia is seen as a very influential and
  powerful state
• Strongly Jeffersonian
• One of the leaders of the Democratic-Republican
  Party

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War Hawks
John C. Calhoun
Henry Clay
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War Hawks

• Who were they?
• Congressmen from the South and the West
• Led by Henry Clay (KY) John C. Calhoun (SC)
• Strongly Nationalistic
• What was their agenda?
• They wanted to push the US towards a war with
  Great Britain
• They believed it was essential in order for the
  US to establish itself as a sovereign nation

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Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)

• Originally intended to be a peaceful meeting to
  discuss land issues
• Western War Hawks vs. Indian resistance
• Tecumseh led the Native Americans
• William Henry Harrison governor of the Indiana
  territory led US forces
• What was the significance?
• After this battle, the US discovers that Great
  Britain is arming Native Americans to fight
  against us

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War Declared

• June 1812
• President Madison asks Congress for a declaration
  of war
• Why did the US fight Britain only?
• They were the country most involved in the
  impressment of our sailors
• New Englands importance
• Federalist Party had the most support in New
  England, the were very against going to war
  they depended on trade with Great Britain

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War of 1812 Overview

• Poorly fought
• US navy was very small, troops were poorly
  trained
• Disunity
• There was a division between groups who favored
  war those who were against it
• Strategy
• Canada- wanted to capture Canada and take out the
  British stronghold there
• Great Lakes/Naval Dominance
• Key US Victories
• Lake Erie (September 1813) Oliver Perry leads
  the US to a naval victory
• Thames (October 1813) Tecumseh is killed, the
  coalition he built falls apart
• New Orleans (1814) most important battle of the
  war
• Andrew Jackson

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War continued

• 1814, Napoleons power decreasesBritish
  concentrate more supplies and troops on war with
  US
• Washington D.C. burned in 1814
• British retaliate against US burning Canadian
  capital at York
• Battle of Fort McHenry
• Francis Scott Key inspired to write the
  Star-Spangled Banner

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Battle of New Orleans
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Battle of New Orleans

• Foolish frontal attack by Britishmany casualties
  
• Andrew Jackson commands US army
• Needless battle due to the Treaty of Ghent (peace
  treaty)
• Why was this significant?
• HUGE victory for the US
• Increase nationalism throughout the US
• Andrew Jackson becomes a national hero

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Treaty of Ghent

• 1814, 2 weeks prior to Battle of New Orleans
• Armistice (end to fighting)
• What was agreed?
• Captured lands ships returned to each side
• Did not end impressment
• Restored to antebellum status (things go back
  to the way they were before the war)

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Hartford Convention

• Dec. 1814 -- Jan. 1815
• Purpose?
• Federalists meet to express their displeasure
  with the War of 1812 Madisons policies
• They threaten to secede from the US
• What happened to the Federalist party?
• Federalist Party loses their public support
  because majority of Americans feeling optimistic
  and not negative

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Effects of the War

• Treaty of Ghent restores original boundaries
  between Britain and the U.S., but does not lead
  to the end of impressment.
• Unhappy New Englanders hold Hartford Convention
• Battle of New Orleans raises American spirits and
  national pride HUGE increase in nationalism
• Initial economic boom is followed by a depression
• American independence confirmed
• Peaceful relations develop between U.S. Great
  Britain
• 10 year joint occupation of Oregon Territory with
  G.B