Industrial Revolution

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Industrial Revolution

• Causes, industries, the exploitation of children,
  work conditions and
• where IR did not penetrate
• Jennifer Sedmak gjsedmak_at_yahoo.com

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Create Cornell NOTES

• Write the RED Questions in the RIGHT MARGIN
• Listen and look at the slide, but dont COPY
  notes write notes to help answer the question
  any stories, drawings, notes that will help you
  understand

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What caused the IR?

• Population explosion (earlier marriages, high
  birthrates, resistance to disease) more
  children!
• Agricultural Revolution (new inventions, food
  crops, more calories per acre)
• Trade Inventiveness

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Who started the IR?

• BRITAIN
• Economic growth, population growth, strong mining
  and metal industries, iron, coal, rivers, navy,
  strong commercial structure, fluid social
  structure
• COTTON and TEXTILE INDUSTRIES FIRST

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WHAT WERE IR INDUSTRIES?

• Mass Production (Pottery Wedgwood)
• Mechanization (Cotton)spinning jenny, water
  frame
• Iron Industry
• Steam Engine (James Watt)RAILROADS
• Telegraph System

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What were the impacts of IR?

• New cities (population growth, poor, inadequate
  sewage, air water pollution, disease, short
  life, high infant mortality)
• Deforestation, erosion of soil, railroads/canals
• Poor Working conditions
• Disruption to Family Life

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Why use Child Labor?

• Children were employed for four simple reasons
• Many in orphanages - could be replaced easily if
  accidents occurred
• Much cheaper than adults
• Small enough to crawl under machinery to tie up
  broken threads
• Young enough to be bullied by 'strappers' -
  adults would not have stood for this

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John Dempsey aged eleven working in a
mule-spinning room in Rhode Island in April
1909.
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How were children treated and what work did they
do?

• Those late for work were severely punished.
• Money was deducted from their wages.
• They were hit with straps to work faster.
• Some children were dipped head first into a water
  cistern if they became drowsy.
• Talking to other children was forbidden.
• Children were placed in prison if they ran away
  and were caught.
• Those who were considered potential runaways were
  placed in irons.

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• "Woodward and other overlookers used to beat me
  with pieces of thick leather straps made supple
  by oil, and having an iron buckle at the end,
  drew blood almost every time it was applied."
  John Brown quoted in the "Lion" newspaper in
  1828.

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Dangerous Work

• The youngest children in the textile factories
  were usually employed as scavengers and piecers.
• Scavengers had to pick up the loose cotton from
  under the machinery.
• The children were expected to carry out the task
  while the machine was still working.

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Accidents

• Accidents were widespread.
• Workers often lost limbs
• A Manchester visitor upon seeing cso many people
  in the streets without arms and legs it was
  like living in the midst of the army just
  returned from a campaign."

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The Mill

• Kids were used to mend broken parts of the
  machine wouldnt stop machines!

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What was life like in the mines?

• In one unnamed coal mine, 58 deaths out of a
  total of 349 deaths in one year, involved
  children thirteen years or younger.
• Life for all those who worked underground was
  very hard.

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Miners

• At the close of day. Waiting for the cage to go
  up. The cage is entirely open on two sides and
  not very well protected on the other two, and is
  usually crowded.
• The dust was so dense at times as to obscure the
  view. This dust penetrated the utmost recesses of
  the boys' lungs. A kind of slave-driver sometimes
  stands over the boys, prodding or kicking them
  into obedience.

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Dirty Work
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What was life like for families?

• A room in a tenement
• Large families squeezed into one room.
• Usually shared a bathroom with other tenants on
  the floor.
• Overcrowded cities accounted for much pollution
  in the cities.
• Alcoholism, everyone worked, no school

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How the other half lived

• The bedroom of Cornelia Stewart, the wife of A.T.
  Stewart of Stewart's Department Store.

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What were the responses to IR?
Laissez-Faire capitalism
Unions Reform
Schools
Mines Act of 1842
Factory Act of 1833
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Which countries did not industrialize?

• Russia, Ottoman
• - land-based empires- leery of west (after Peter
  )- Serfdom, imports
• China- agriculturally-based, did not adaptJAPAN
  DID!

• India
• - Cotton industry thwarted by Britain
• Egypt
• Tried Muhammad Ali cotton (less dependent on
  Ottoman) Britain intervenes!