Settling the Northern Colonies 1619-1700

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Settling the Northern Colonies 1619-1700

• Martin Luther and his 95 Theses
• Critic of Indulgences
• The Bible alone was the word of God (not Pope)
• People are saved by faith alone
• Sparks mainland European Protestant Reformation

2
John Calvin and predestination

• 1536 Institutes of the Christian Religion
• Only predestined go to heavenCalvinists sought
  conversions (signs they were one of
  predestined) and afterwards led sanctified lives

3
Protestant Work Ethic
Calvinist were famous for their dusk to dawn work
ethic to prove their worthiness.
4
Englands Puritan wave to New World

• Some English Puritans wanted to further purify
  King Henry VIIIs Anglican Church.
• Radical Puritans (Separatist) wanted not to
  purify but to break away totally from Anglican
  Church

5
Pilgrims escape religious persecution in England

• King James I feared if Separatists could defy his
  religious authority the Separatist would later
  defy his political authority. As such, Pilgrims
  (Separatist Puritans fled religious persecution
  to Holland.

6
Pilgrims arrive in Plymouth

• Fearing their children were getting to
  Dutchified the Pilgrims left for either the
  Virginia Colony or their own squatter area.
  Squatter means not entitled legally to land.

7
The Pilgrims (Separatists) arrive in Plymouth

• After 65 days at sea, with one death and the
  birth of Virginia Dare, the Pilgrims disembarked
  in Plymouth
• Separatist believed only visible saints could
  attain church membership
• Less than half Pilgrims on Mayflower were
  Separatists

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The Mayflower Compact, was a signed set of rules
that set a precedent for modern Constitutions.
Theory was majority (men) rule.
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Virginia Dare
Early Colonial Map circa 1691
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Governor William Bradford

• Governor William Bradford led Plymouth 30
  different times and helped develop the fur, fish
  and lumber trades

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The First Thanksgiving

• After a horrible winter of 1620, when only half
  colony survived, 1621 brought bountiful harvest
  and a shared feast with Native Americans

12
Squanto, chief of the Wampanoag tribe and early
colonists tried to maintain peaceful relations.
Successful only for a limited time.
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The Bible Commonwealth

• In 1629, some non-Separatists Puritans got a
  royal charter and set sail to New world in 11
  well equipped ships
• Led by Governor John Winthrop these Puritans set
  up Massachusetts Bay Colony as a city upon a
  hill
• In the 1630s over 70,000 English migrated to New
  World
• In 1691 the larger Massachusetts Bay colony
  merged with Plymouth

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Building the Bay Colony

• Religious leaders wielded powerful political
  influence over government (theocracy)

• Strove for religious and social harmony
• The franchise was extended to all freemen
  (adult males) that owned land and belonged to
  Congregationalist church

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Religious sentiments in Massachusetts Bay
John Cottons Gravestone in Massachusetts

• John Cotton was one prominent clergyman
• Congregations hired / fired ministers at will
• Many Blue laws
• Hell was considered very serious and
  frightening

Religious freedom postage stamp from 1953
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The Bible Commonwealth was very autocratic. While
the settlers to Massachusetts Bay had sought to
purify, or separate from the Church of England,
the leaders in Massachusetts Bay wanted little
dissention from religious orthodoxy.

• Anne Hutchinson

• Roger Williams

• Challenged authority of ministers by proclaiming
  that the truly saved need not bother to obey laws
  of man or God. ( Antinomianism)
• Exiled first to Portsmouth and later to New York

• Preached separation of church and state
• Compensation to Indians for land
• Founded first Baptist church in New World
• Founded Rhode Island near modern day East
  Providence

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Anne Hutchinson

• The first feminist

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Roger Williams
Founding of Rhode Island
The root that ate Roger Williams
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New England Spreads Out

• In 1635 the Reverend Thomas Hooker led an
  energetic group of Puritans to Hartford (New
  Haven also founded in 1638). This group drafted a
  trailblazing document called The Fundamental
  Orders which was basically a written
  Constitution.

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The Original Fundamental Orders
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Maine (Mass) and New Hampshire

• New Hampshire was founded by John Mason for
  trading and fishing reasons

• Sir Ferdinando Gorges founded Maine for trading.
  Maine became part of Massachusetts until 1820
  Missouri Compromise.

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Early Colonial Native American Wars

• Pequot War

• 1675 King Philips War

• The English settlers and Pequot nation fought a
  devastating war around Mystic Connecticut in 1637.

• Metacom, led a last effort to stop colonial
  settlement. Providence burned to the ground and a
  massacre occurred at The Great Swamp Fight.

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Seeds of Colonial Unity and Independence

• By 1643 four (Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, and
  Hartford and New Haven) colonies had formed The
  New England Confederation. This group formed to
  unite for protection against the Indians, French
  and Dutch.

• Thus began the tradition of semi autonomous
  colonies not asking the English crown for
  permission to act.

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The Dominion of New England

• Under James II, in an effort to stem the tide of
  salutary neglect, in 1686 the Dominion of New
  England was created.
• Under Sir Edmund Andros the Navigation Acts were
  enforced for the first time on the British
  colonies in America.

Sir Edmund Andros
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The Navigation Acts and the Theory of
Mercantilism

• Navigation Acts
• Certain goods shipped from a New World port were
  to go only to Britain or to another New World
  colonial port
• Enumerated goods from the colonies, like sugar,
  cotton, and tobacco, were to be provided only to
  England

• Mercantilism
• Economic theory that benefits the mother country
  at the expense of the colony

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Unpopular Mr. Andros

• Andros established the Dominions headquarters in
  Boston
• He openly showed his association with the hated
  Church of England
• Andros curbed town meetings , restricted the
  courts and press, revoked land titles
• After the Glorious Revolution, which installed
  William and Mary on the throne of England the
  Dominion collapsed

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The New Netherlands

• The Dutch East India Company with a fleet of
  10,000 and Dutch West India Company were
  established to raid Spanish ships and settle in
  the New World

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The New Netherlands
The Dutch set up patroonships (large areas of
land) that were given to patroons that brought
indentured servants to work land

• In 1609 Henry Hudson ventured into Delaware and
  New York Bay and claimed the area for the
  Netherlands

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New Netherlands

• The Swedes also planted a colony on the Delaware
  River (New Sweden)
• The Dutch often came into conflict with Swedes
  and Native Americans

• In 1655 the Dutch sent Peter Stuyvesant to
  eliminate the Swedes from the area

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New Netherlands

• In 1664 Charles II granted the area of modern day
  New York to his brother the Duke of York. British
  troops landed and quickly eliminated the Dutch
  from the area.

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PennsylvaniaThe Holy Experiment

• Founded by William Penn as a haven for Quakers in
  1681
• Thousand of squatters already lived in
  Pennsylvania
• Philadelphia was one of the first planned
  cities and unofficial capital of the colonies
• The Quakers became ardent abolitionist

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Characteristics of New England Colonies

• Various religions
• Diverse economically
• Gold Mines of New England (the sea)
• Predisposed to early public education
• Old Deluder Law

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Characteristics of the Middle Colonies

• Fertile soil / Bread Colonies
• Ethically diverse population
• Considerable economic and social democracy
• The First American Benjamin Franklin

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Characteristics of Southern Colonies

• Plantation system
• Slaves and slave codes
• Some major seaports
• Located near Spanish Florida and French Louisiana