World War II

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World War II
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Chapter 16Section 5 Hitler and the Rise of
Nazi Germany

• I. The Weimar Republics Rise and Fall
• Democratic Government of Germany after WWI.
• Parliamentary system ruled by a chancellor
  Prime minister.
• Set up a Bill of Rights and gave women the right
  to vote.

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A. Political Struggles

1. severe problems right from the start Depression
   after WWI
2. The government was under attack by both
   Socialists and Communists.
3. Germans of all classes blamed the NEW government
   for losing the war the Treaty of Versailles.

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B. Runaway Inflation

1. Germany fell behind on war reparations and France
   seized control of its rich coal mining lands of
   the Ruhr Valley.
2. German workers refused to work for the French.
3. German government printed more money (marks) to
   pay the workersled to too much currency being
   available.
4. Inflation increase in the prices of goods.
5. An item worth 100marks in 7/22 cost 944,000 marks
   in 8/23.

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C. Recovery Collapse

• U.S. convinced England and France to reduce the
  war reparationsand leave the Ruhr Valley
• American loans helped boost the economy and
  reduce inflation.
• THEN the Depression hit..
• Adolph Hitler A charismatic, energetic rising
  leader rose in the scene promising to solve the
  economic problems and to restore Germanys
  greatness.

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D. Weimar Culture

1. Many new artistic and architectural styles
   flourished in this time.
2. Many new writers, artists, and playwrights
   emerged in Berlinbut there were those that did
   not believe this new era culture was compatible
   with Germanys illustrious past.

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The Nazi Partys Rise to Power

• Hitler grew up in Austria where his upbringing
  included anti-semitism or prejudice against Jews.
• Joined the German Army in WWI
• Was unhappy with the way the war ended and the
  treaty that followed.
• Eventually became the leader of the National
  German Workers (NAZI) Party.

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A. Hitlers Manifesto

1. Mein Kampf (My Struggle) Hitlers 1 selling
   book that outlined his political, cultural,
   economic, and military plans.
2. basic set of Nazi Ideology
3. Reflected Hitlers obsessions.
4. Extreme nationalism, racism, mater race, unite
   into a great nation, lebensraum, all other races
   bow to Aryan mastery of the world etc.. etc

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B. Hitler Comes to Power

• Nazi membership grew during the depression.
• Hitlers promises of national reform and a return
  to greatness appealed to the blue collar workers
  from Germany.
• The Weimar government soon turned to Hitler to
  defeat the Communists in electionsthey thought
  they could control him.
• He engineered a Nazi takeover of the Parliament
  in free elections..and demanded the Parliament
  name him Chancellor.
• a. as Chancellorhe suspended free rights,
  freedom of speech, disbanded all other political
  parties, and demanded unquestioning obedience.

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III. The Third Reich Rules Germany

• Third Reich Third Reign of the Germans. 1
  Holy Roman Empire, 2 Bismark as Chancellor, 3
  Nazi Party which would rule for 1,000 yrs.
• Hitler launched huge public works programs to
  combat the Great Depression
• Tens of thousands were immediately put to work
  building highways, bridges etc.
• Rapid program to re-arm the military.

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Third Reich Emblem
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A. Germany becomes a Totalitarian State

1. Totalitarianism 1 party dictatorship
2. Nazis controlled all aspects of German life
3. Gestapo Elite, black uniformed secret police
   that used fear and terror tactics to scare people
   into following Nazi policy.
4. The masses believed in Hitlers Nazi promises
5. those who disagreed, either became victims or
   were scared into silence.

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B. The Campaign Against Jews Begins

• 1. Nuremburg Laws Laws that took away the
  rights of German citizenship from the Jews.
• wear the yellow Star of David, no marrying
  non-jews, not teaching at German schools, no
  government jobs, practice medicine or law,
  publish books,
• many smart Jews fled Germany immediately.

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C. The Night of Broken Glass Kristallnacht

• night of terror where mobs of Nazis and other
  citizens hit the streets burning Jewish homes,
  synagogues, businesses etc..
• So much shattered glass in the streets that the
  night earned its name from it.

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D. Nazi Youth

1. Hitler Youth A Nazi inspired boys club
   similar to boy scouts where young German boys
   learned to hunt, fish, shoot, camp etcoh an be
   brainwashed into little Nazis as well.
2. pledged absolute loyalty to Hitler, prided
   themselves on physical fitness,
3. School and text books were re-written based on
   Nazi Ideaology.
4. Systematic brainwashing of the youth of Germany.

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E. Purging German Culture

1. Denounced modern art corrupted by Jewish
   influence.
2. condemned Jazz too close to African music
3. Nazis glorified old German folklores and myths
4. Hitler despised Christianity as weak and flabby.
5. Hitler created his own German state church that
   mimicked the teaching of the Nazi Party.

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IV. Authoritarian Rule in Eastern Europe

• Many other nations followed Germanys lead and
  ditched democracy in favor of Authoritarian
  governments.

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A. Ethnic Conflict

1. Old ethnic and religious rivalries became tense.
2. Czechs and Slovaks were unwilling partners in
   Czechoslovakia.
3. Serbia was dominating Yugoslavian politics.
4. Other ethnic groups were in conflict with each
   other in other areas.

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B. Democracy Retreats

1. Economic problems economic tensions led to the
   instability of governments.
2. Facist rulers began to find homes for their
   extreme forms of nationalism.
3. These dictators promised order and fast reforms.

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Chapter 17 Section 1 From Appeasement to War

• I. Aggression Goes Unchecked
• Hitler, Mussolini, and Tojo viewed pleas of peace
  as signs of weakness.

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A. Japan Overruns Manchuria and Eastern China

1. Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931 in an effort to
   build their empire up like those of western
   empires.
2. League of Nations condemned that action so Japan
   left the league.
3. Japans early successes in building its empire
   and stepping on the toes of western
   societygained them more respect among the people
   of Japan.

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B. Italy Invades Ethiopia

1. Italy had been defeated by the Ethiopians in
   1896and it stung!
2. Mussolini ordered and invasion of Ethiopia in
   1935.
3. Ethiopias leader appealed to the League of
   Nations for help and the League voted to sanction
   Italy
4. There was no power to enforce the sanctions and
   Italy got away clean.

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C. Hitler Goes Against the Treaty of Versailles

1. Hitler HATED the Treaty of Versailles and it was
   a major part of his program to get rid of it.
2. built up the German Army
3. Moved soldiers into the Rhineland
4. The more he did and got away with the more the
   people of Germany loved him.
5. The west continued to practice a policy of
   appeasement or giving in to the demands of an
   aggressor in order to keep the peace.

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D. Keeping the Peace

• 1. Why appeasement?
• France was demoralized after WWI and depression
• The British had no desire to take on Hitler.
• Some people thought Hitler was justified to
  resist a Treaty that many, including the U.S.,
  thought was unfair.
• Some thought Nazism was a defense against the
  spread of communism.
• Widespread pacifism or opposition to all war
  spread throughout the world after WWI.
• Neutrality Acts U.S. law that forbade the sale
  of weapons to nations at war. Without aid from
  the U.S. England and France could not face
  Germany.

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E. Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis

• Axis Powers Germany, Italy, Japanese alliance
  that agreed to fight Soviet Communist expansion.
• I. Spain Collapses into Civil War

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A. Francisco Franco Spanish revolutionary
General who led a revolt that touched off a
bloody civil war.

1. People from other countries soon rushed in to
   choose sides.
2. Socialists, communists, and people who wanted
   democracy supported the Loyalists
3. Hitler and Mussolini supported Franco
4. All sides sent money, weapons, and supplies to
   help their side win.
5. 1 million people killed and many atrocities
   committed by both sides.
6. German attacked a small loyalist town with its
   new attack planes killing 1,600 civillians. It
   was a test run disguised as part of the coup.
7. Franco seized power and turned Spain into a
   Fascist state .aligning himself with Hitler and
   Mussolini along the way.

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III. German Agression Continues

• Hitler had a goal of uniting all German speaking
  people under the flag of the Third Reich
• Lebensraum living space for Germans.

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A. Austria Annexed

1. Anschluss Union of Germany and Austria that
   was outlawed by the Treaty of Versailles.
2. The Austrian Chancellor was not cooperating as
   Hitler would have liked, so he sent the army in
   to keep order.
3. This union created a war scare as many thought
   there was no way that England and France would
   tolerate it.

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B. The Czech Crisis

1. Sudentenland German speaking portion of
   Czechoslovakia that was home to some 3 million
   Germans.
2. Hitler insisted that this portion of
   Czechoslovakia be given its autonomy.
3. Czechoslovakia was one of the very last free
   democratic governments in eastern Europe, but
   France and England still were not willing to step
   in.
4. Munich Conference 1938 Leaders from France,
   England, and Germany got together to discuss
   Hitlers goals. England France agreed to let
   Hitler take the Sudentenland after Hitler gave
   his word that it was the last demand that he
   would have. Munich Pact

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C. Peace for Our Time

1. English representatives returned from Munich
   proclaiming that they had preserved peace in our
   time.
2. Told the British Parliament that the Munich Pact
   had saved Czechoslovakia.
3. Winston Churchill They had to choose between
   dishonor and war. They chose dishonor, and now
   they will have war.

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• V. Europe Plunges Toward War
• 1939 Hitler broke his promise and stormed through
  the rest of Czechoslovakia.
• England and France had finally accepted the fact
  that appeasement had failed.
• They promised to protect PolandHitlers next
  target.

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A. Nazi-Soviet Pact

1. Nazi Soviet Pact Non-aggression pact between
   Hitler and Stalin. Agreed to divide up Poland
   and not go to war.
2. Not created out of friendship or respect, but out
   of need to NOT fight each other.
3. Stalin wanted no part of a war and Hitler wanted
   no part of war with Soviets AND western nations.

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B. Invasion of Poland

• 1. September 1, 1939 German tanks rolled into
  Poland.
• 2. 2 days later Britain and France declared
  war on Germany and WWII had officially begun.

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Section 2 The Axis Advance

• The Axis Attacks
• Hitler unleashed the power of the Nazi army with
  his blitzkrieg lightening war.
• The Nazi Air Force of Luftwaffe unleashed a
  devastating attack using bombing and strafing
  runs to attack airfields, factories, towns etc..
• Ground forces and tanks pushed their way into and
  past the Polish defenses and forced them to
  surrender.
• Stalin and his army moved into Poland through the
  east.
• Within 1 month Poland ceased to exist as a free
  nation.

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A. The Phony War

1. French and German armies hunkered down waiting
   for the word to attack.
2. The press started calling it the phony war as
   both sides sat waiting for the other to attack.
3. April 1940 The war really heated up as Hitler
   invaded Norway and Denmark, then the Netherlands
   and Belgium.

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B. Miracle at Dunkirk

• By May 1940..the Germans were far into France.
• British forces were backed up to the English
  Channel where they had Nazis closing in on them.
• British ordered ALL available ships to rush to
  Dunkirk where the British army was trapped to
  rescue them.
• Through the German air attacks, the fleet managed
  to save some 300,000 soldiers.
• It was a heroic rescue effort that raised the
  morale of the British.
• .

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• Hitler ordered his troops to stop at the
  beachesthinking the British would agree to not
  fight onthis was a big mistake in the grand
  scheme of things

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C. France Falls

1. Germany invaded France through Belgium and Italy
   had invaded through the south.
2. June 22, 1940 Hitler accepted Frances
   surrender in the SAME RR car that they Germans
   signed the Treaty of Versaille.
3. Germany set up a puppet government in the French
   city of Vichy.
4. Many French officials escaped to England where
   they continued to fight against the German army.

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D. Operation Sea Lion

1. Operation Sea Lion Invasion of England by
   Germany.
2. Beginning in Aug 1940 the Germans staged daily
   bombing raids into England.
3. For over a month the Royal Air Force and the
   German Luftwaffe battled over the skies of
   southern England.
4. Eventually Hitler changed tactics and started
   daily bombing raids of English cities such as
   London.

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E. Germany Launches the Bliltz

1. 9/1940 Hitler begins 57 straight nights on
   bombing raids on London.
2. Much of London was destroyed during the blitz.
   
3. The Germans hoped to demoralize the people of
   England encouraging the government to surrender
   to protect against further damage.

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We shall defend our island, whatever the costs
may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall
fight on the surrounding land, we shall fight on
the fields, and in the streets, we shall fight in
the hills we shall never surrender. Winston
Churchill Prime Minister of England.

• 4. Englanders including the Parliament, citizens,
  and even the King Queen refused to be
  defeated..they continues living their lives,
  working, going to school etc.. and then fleeing
  to the public bomb shelters when the raids
  occurred.

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Luftwaffe German Air Force

1. The Luftwaffe was never able to gain air
   superiority over the skies of England.
2. Hitler continued to randomly attack London
   through 1941, but he had given up on Operation
   Sea Lion.

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G. Africa and the Balkans

1. Mussolinis troops moved into northern Africa to
   rip it from Englands control.
2. When the Italians could not get the job done,
   Hitler sent Erwin Rommel Germanys greatest
   WWII era General nicknamed The Desert Fox.

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1. Erwin Rommel soon controlled N. Africa from 1941
   42 and the British were pushed back to Cairo,
   Egypt.
2. Italy conquered Greece and with Germanys
   assistance Yugoslavia.
3. Both nations however, did not give in and
   conducted underground guerilla resistance to Axis
   control.

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II. Germany Invades the Soviet Union

• Hitler was frustrated at his inability to conquer
  England and turned his attention on the U.S.S.R.
• Hitler wanted the natural resources that the
  Soviet Union contained.iron ore, wheat fields,
  and forests.

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A. The Unstoppable German Army Stalls

1. Hitler cancelled the Soviet-Nazi pact when he
   invaded the USSR on June 14, 1941.
2. Stalin was caught totally unprepared even though
   he Generals had warned him to not trust
   Hitlerthat German armies were mobilizing along
   the USSR border.
3. 3 million German soldiers invaded the Soviet
   lands.
4. The Soviets retreated burning and destroying
   everything in their pathshomes, fields, barns,
   factories etc. so the Germans had no shelter or
   found anything that would help them fight.
5. By Novemeber the Germans were ready to seize
   Leningrad and Moscowthen General Winter took
   over.
6. Winter temps plunged to -4 degrees. Thousands of
   German soldiers froze to death.

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B. Germanys Seige of Leningrad

1. 2 ½ yr siege by the Germans
2. citizens nearly starved to deathreduced to
   eating anything they could find as rations were
   reduced to 2 pieces of bread per day.
3. 1 million Leningraders died
4. The Russians never gave in and outlasted the
   German armies who were frozen and had their
   supply lines frozen up.
5. The German eastern armies were decimated by the
   Russian winter.

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III. Life Under Nazi Japanese Occupation

• A. Hitlers New Order
• Grew out of Hitlers racial obsessions.
• Aryans were the master race and all others were
  inferior to them
• inferior races (Jews, Gypsies, Slavs etc) were
  removed from cities to make more living space for
  Germans.
• Foreign lands were made for Germany to plunder
  their resources, factories, art, architecture and
  anything at all that made them special.

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1. To counter resistance, the Nazis took savage
   revenge, torturing prisoners, and shooting
   hostages.
2. The most sinister of the Nazi plans revolved
   around the people of the occupied lands.
3. Concentration Camps Detention centers for Jews,
   political prisoners, and civilians thought to be
   enemies of the state.
4. Many at these camps died as a result of forced
   labor and being poorly fed.

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B. The Nazis Commit Genocide

1. Holocaust The massacre of nearly 6 million Jews
   by the Nazis.
2. Also included Slavs, Gypsies, Homosexuals, and
   the disabled as well as religious leaders who did
   not comply with German religious policy.

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The Nazis changed plans and tactics on how they
handled theses people

• 1st rounded them all up into Ghettos in Poland
  where they were merely removed from interacting
  with German society.
• 2nd they were sent off to forced labor
  concentration camps.
• 3rd The were shipped off to extermination camps
  to be executed. This was known as The Finals
  Solution to the Jewish Problem.
• 5,000 Jews per day were shipped to Treblinka
  (camp in Poland)
• In some cases friends and neighbors helped hide
  Jews to escape the Nazis.
• In other cases people turned a blind eye to what
  was happening.
• In worse casesformer friends and neighbors
  turned Jews in to the Nazis.

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C. Japans Brutal Conquest

1. The Japanese were not much better..they viewed
   their race as superior to others.
2. The proclaimed they were merely uniting all
   Asians under strong rule to improve their
   position in the world.
3. In reality..the Japanese were seizing control of
   other Asian lands and trying to get rid of other
   Asians.
4. They were brutal to the people of those conquered
   nationstorturing and killing millions of
   civilians.
5. Many nationalist groups rose up to try to defeat
   the Japanese.

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IV. Japan Attacks the U.S.

• U.S. declared its neutrality, but still tried to
  influence behavior.
• Sympathetic with our friends fighting the Axis
  nations.
• U.S. placed an embargo on Japan for refusing to
  leave China
• Japan viewed this as an act of war.

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A. American Involvement Grows

1. Lend-Lease Act Allowed President Roosevelt to
   see arms to nation who he deemed their survival
   crucial to our Democratic way of life.
2. Roosevelt also met secretly with Churchill where
   they created the Atlantic Charter set of goals
   for the war (destroy the Nazis) and the postwar
   world.