World War II

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World War II
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Fascism Nazism

• Glorification of Power

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Fascism

• An ideology that values the nation (or race)
  above all other loyalties and seeks to
  subordinate all parts of society to this value
• Aggressively nationalistic
• Uses violence to suppress opposition

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Fascist ideology Mussolini

• Italian dictator Benito Mussolini coined the term
  in 1919, referring to the Roman symbol for power
  through unity a
• bundle of reeds
• called fasces,
• individually weak
• but collectively strong.

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Fascism totalitarianism

• Fascist ideology is totalitarian, which means a
  political system that controls every aspect of
  life, so that there is no private sphere or
  independent organizations.

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Other Fascist Regimes

• Spain under Franco
• Portugal under Salazar
• Germany under Hitler

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Fascist Principles

• Anti-individualistic
• Anti-democratic
• Anti-egalitarian
• Anti-capitalist
• Anti-pacifist
• Anti-internationalist
• Anti-conservative
• Anti-intellectual
• Anti-different

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Nazism

• Fascism taken to
• its extreme form.
• Racist and anti-Semitic
• elements that did not
• appear in Italian fascism.

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Nazi racial theory

• Three races
• Aryans (Germanic) culture creating
• Jews culture destroying
• Middle culture maintaining
• At various levels of hierarchy between Aryans and
  Jews.

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Causes of WWII

• Here we go again

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Americas Foreign Policy 1931 - 1941

• ISOLATIONISM
• The Great Depression
• Americans not wanting a repeat of WWI
• Divided country
• Some favored the ideas of demagogues like Hitler
• Some felt for the victims of aggression.

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Russia Joseph Stalin

• (1888 1953)
• Took control of the Communist Party and the
  government in 1926 after Lenin
• Sole ruler until death in 1953

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Stalin

• Came from poverty
• Little education
• Beaten as a child

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Collectivization

• Took away private land from farmers and created
  collective farms
• 6 million die when moved to new farms
• 10 million starved to death

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Industrialization

• Industrialization of Russia
• More steel factories, oil, coal
• Workers work 12-18 hours per day
• Ignored housing, clothing, consumer needs.
• 6 Million disappeared

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Stalins Reign of Terror/Great Purge
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Fascism in Italy

• Benito Mussolini
• Il Duce
• Blackshirts Mussolinis thugs
• No democracy, no opposition parties, no
  disagreeing with Mussolini

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Fascism in Italy

• Mussolini wanted to rebuild the Roman Empire.
• The Country is Nothing Without Conquest
• Invasion of Ethiopia in 1935.

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The Nazi Party

• Founded in 1919
• Belief in Hitler
• Belief about German nationalism
• Belief in racial superiority
• 1923, tried and failed to take over German
  government.

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Adolph Hitler

• He mounted a coup attempt against the Weimer
  Republic in 1923 it failed.
• Spent 9-months in jail writing Mein Kampf
• The title means My Struggle, and it expounds on
  Hitlers anti-Semitism, worship of power, scorn
  for morality, and plan for world domination

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Hitlers Rise to Power

• MEIN KAMPF ideas
• Defiance of the Versailles Treaty ending WWI
• Called to strengthen German military again
• Purifying the Aryan Race
• Removal of anything that wasnt Aryan

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Adolph Hitler

• Hitler considered himself superior, even though
  he was a drifter failed artist during his
  youth.
• A corporal during WWI, he was devastated by
  Germanys loss blamed it on the Jews.
• Had incredible speaking and motivational skills

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Hitlers Rise to Power

• Austrian by birth
• Poor student
• Failed artist
• Blamed Jews and Marxists for German losses in WWI.

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Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany

• Nazi Party promised Germans to stabilize the
  country, rebuild the economy, and restore the
  empire that had been lost in WWI.

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Nazis in Control

• Suspended the rights of free speech and press.
• Storm Troopers / Brown Shirts terrorized people
  into silence.

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Hitler
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The Spanish Civil War

• 1936 Elections
• Pre-election violence between political parties.
• The group of liberal parties REPUBLICANS (not
  Bush) won.

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The Spanish Civil War

• Fascists in the military did NOT like the
  Republican victory.
• CIVIL WAR in 1936

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The Spanish Civil War

• Both sides turned to other countries to help
  them.
• Hitler, Mussolini backed the fascists with money,
  troops, and equipment.
• Russia helped the Republicans.
• 40,000 English, Americans and French came to
  fight on the Republican side.

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The Spanish Civil War Fascism won

• Fascism ruled from 1939 1975.
• Francisco Franco.
• Spanish nationalism
• Totalitarian control

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Lebensraum Germany Rearms and Expands

• 1936 Germany took back the Rhineland.
• 1936 Created the AXIS with Italy
• 1938 Annexed Austria
• 1938 Invaded and took over Czechoslovakia

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What did the world do as Hitler did this?

• Appeasement
• Giving in to a competitors demands to keep the
  peace.

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Appeasement

• Britains Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain.
• Thought once Hitler had Czechoslovakia Hitler
  would be content
• Peace in Our Time.

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He was wrong
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Invasion of Poland 1939

• Hitler demanded the Polish port of Danzig
• BUT
• France and England had said they would not go
  along with this invasion.
• Stalin was also a problem.

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Europe FINALLY goes to war

• Britain and France had to choose between war and
  dishonor. They chose dishonor. They will have
  war.
• Winston Churchill

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Hitlers BLITZKRIEG

• Lightning War
• Fast and concentrated land and air war.
• Take enemy by surprise.
• Terrorize civilian populations and troops.

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Poland

• Held out for a month.
• Stalins Russia took part of the territory.
• Germany came in with their laws and started to
  put Jews into Concentration camps.

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What happened next?

• NOTHING!!!
• Up to 3 months after declaring war on Germany,
  there were NO Western Allies action
• Phony War
• Britain and France feared the potential losses.

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France

• Maginot Line Line of fortified defense but it
  didnt extend to the English Channel
• Why didnt it work?

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France

• April 9, 1940 Germany attacks.
• NOT through the Maginot Line through Belgium
  (again!)
• Blitzkrieg!

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Dunkirk

• German drive to capture British and French
  soldiers.
• Drove the British to the coastal city of Dunkirk.
• 340,000 rescued by allied boats!

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Fall of France

• June 10, 1940
• Reaction of the French?
• Collaborators (worked with the Nazis)
• Resistance ( fought the Nazis as guerrillas /
  insurgents)

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Battle of Britain

• 1940 1941
• Luftwaffe attacks day and night.
• 1,000 planes bombed British cities and airstrips
• RAF (Royal Air Force) defends England 80 die
• But this is Germanys first major loss

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American Isolationism
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Nazis control Europe
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North Africa

• Italians land troops in Libya, begin to push East
  to create a new Italian Empire

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Operation Barbarossa

• June 22nd, 1941
• Germany invades Russia without warning
• Advances quickly towards Moscow
• But winters just around the corner
• (Howd this work out for Napoleon?)