Classification

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Classification

• Chapter 18

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Homework due Monday

• 8 vocabulary cards write these 8 words on page
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• 1. Heterotroph 5. Unicellular
• 2. Autotroph 6. Prokaryote
• 3. Multicellular 7. Eukaryote
• 4. Species 8. taxonomy
• Front side Word, diagram or cartoon with at
  least 4 different colors limited writing
• Back side Word, Link, Definition and 2 usage
  sentences that must be student generated.

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Homework due Friday

• Write an acrostic poems (pg 12 in your notebook)
  for the kingdom Fungi or for the Kingdom
  Protista. The word kingdom does not have to be
  included.

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• Here is an example in English, an Edgar Allan Poe
  poem titled simply An Acrostic
• Elizabeth it is in vain you say"Love not" thou
  sayest it in so sweet a wayIn vain those words
  from thee or L.E.L.Zantippe's talents had
  enforced so wellAh! if that language from thy
  heart arise,Breath it less gently forth and
  veil thine eyes.Endymion, recollect, when Luna
  triedTo cure his love was cured of all beside
  His follie pride and passion for he died.

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After your benchmark

• Use your laptop to go to my website
• Open the first six weeks tab and click on
  Interpreting Graphics
• Directions Answer your sheet using the
  inspiration map.

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Taxonomy

• Science of classifying organisms.

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Why classify?

• Over 10 million species on Earth

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The problem with common names
Mountain lion, puma, cougar or a panther.
Pill bug, doodle bug, roly poly
Common names vary among languages and even among
regions, sometimes different species even can
share the same common name.
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• Without using the name of the organism use as
  many terms as needed to describe the organism and
  its differences from other organisms.

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Early efforts to classify

• Described physical characteristics, sometimes
  over 20 words long for one name.
• PROBLEM different scientists describe
  organisms differently

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Binomial Nomenclature

• Set up by Carolus Linneaus father of taxonomy,
  used physical characteristics to classify
• Each species is given a 2 part name, the first
  word is capitalized and the second is lowercase,
  both are written in italics or underlined.
• Ex. Homo sapien
• Homo sapien

Say my name, say my name.
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Scientific Names
Roar (loudly).

• For a grizzly bear, Ursus is the genus nameand
  arctos is the species name
• Species names are unique to that individual group
  of organisms and are usually a description of an
  important trait or an indication of where that
  organism lives
• Ursus maritimus, where does he live?
• Maritim means to live near the sea

Common Name Grizzly Bear Scientific Name Ursus
arctos
Felis domesticus, catwhat does domesticus mean?
Common Name Polar Bear Scientific Name Ursus
maritimus
Domesticus of the house
Meow.
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Scientific Names
All bears are NOT alike- but they are all bears.
Scientific Names of bears
Common Name Grizzly Bear Scientific Name
Ursidae Ursus arctos
Common Name Polar Bear Scientific Name Ursidae
Ursus maritimus
Common Name Black Bear Scientific Name Ursidae
Ursus americanus
Common Name Panda Bear Scientific Name Ursidae
Ailuropoda melanoleuca
Common Name Sloth Bear Scientific Name Ursidae
Melursus ursinus
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Linnaeuss System of Classification

• Linnaeuss system is hierarchical, and includes
  7 levels (largest to smallest), each level is
  called a taxon or taxa(plural).

Example Humans
Kingdom
Animalia
Largest- plants, animals, insects, fish,
bacteria- everything fits in here
Phylum
Chordata
King Phillip Came Over For Good Spagetti. Yummy.

Class
Mammalia
Order
Primates
Hominidae
Family
Genus
Homo
Species Smallest
sapiens
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Bear Classification as an Example
Duh, its the fox.
Grizzly bear
Black bear
Giant panda
Red fox
Squirrel
Coral snake
Sea star
KINGDOM Animalia
Question Which organism is more closely related
to the polar bear, the squirrel or the fox?
PHYLUM Chordata
CLASS Mammalia
ORDER Carnivora
FAMILY Ursidae
GENUS Ursus
SPECIES Ursus arctos
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Organisms are increasingly similar as you go from
the level of kingdom to the level of species.

• Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, Class
  Mammalia, Order Carnivora

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Family Canidae (canine)
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Genus Canis
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Are these dogs the same species?
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YES!

• Remember the definition for species? Group of
  similar organisms that can breed and produce
  fertile offspring.
• horse donkey mule (non-fertile offspring)
• species species non-species
• All dogs are given the species name Canis
  familiaris, the differences seen are called
  breeds.

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Similarities in DNA and RNA

• Most classification methods are based on physical
  similarities and differences.
• genes of many organisms show important
  similarities at the molecular level.
• These similarities can help classify organisms
  and figure out their evolutionary relationships.

Storks
American vulture
Falcon
African Vulture
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Molecular Clocks

• DNA comparisons can also be used to mark the
  passage of evolutionary time
• Molecular Clock model uses DNA comparisons to
  estimate the length of time that 2 species have
  been evolving independently
• Looks for mutations that separate 2 species
• Other changes in DNA
• Compares DNA sequences between species

Which organisms are more closely related?
Why?
Human   CCA TAG CAC CTA Pig  
CCA TGG AAA CGA Chimpanzee   CCA TAA CAC CTA
Cricket   CCT AAA GGG ACG
Only 1 mutation separates human and chimp in this
portion of the gene
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Evolutionary Classification
Barnacles
Crab
Crustaceans
Gastropods
Limpet
Crab
Barnacle
Limpet
This branching shows that crabs and barnacles
share a more recent common ancestor.
CLADOGRAM
Molted exoskeleton
Derived characteristics in crustaceans
-Segmented bodies -Hard external skeleton shed
during growth
Tiny free-swimming larva
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Classification today

• Developed by Whittaker, contains the 5 kingdoms
• Greatest division is no longer between plants and
  animals but rather prokaryotes and eukaryotes
• The three higher kingdoms are distinguished by
  their ecological strategies
• absorption (FUNGI), consumption (ANIMALIA) and
  production (PLANTS)

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Kingdoms and Domains
Sec. 18-3

• In Linnaeuss time, life was much simpler.
  Either you were a plant or an animal.
• Today, classification is more complicated.
• Protists? Bacteria? Viruses?
• Tree of Life (www.tolweb.org)
• Life is full of Diversity
• Robert Hooke and Van Leewenhoek showed us the
  microscopic world, bacteria, protists,
  microorganisms
• Discovering all these microscopic life forms,
  added branches to the Tree of Life

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The Five Kingdoms

• Kingdom Monera
• Kingdom Protista
• Kingdom Fungi
• Kingdom Plantae
• Kingdom Animalia
• Some scientists argue that there are 6
  kingdoms, they divide Kingdom Monera (bacteria)
  into 2 separate kingdoms known as Kingdom
  Archaebacteria and Kingdom Eubacteria.

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Then what on Earth is a Domain?

• A new taxonomic category that is larger than a
  kingdom.
• 3 total
• 1. Domain Eukarya protists, fungi,plants
  and animals
• 2. Domain Archaebacteria
• 3. Domain Eubacteria

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Domain Bacteria Eubacteria kingdom

• Cell Type prokaryote
• Cell Structure - Cell walls are rigid and thick
• contain peptidogylcan
• Number of cells Unicellular
• Mode of nutrition - Autotrophs and heterotrophs
• Examples E. coli, Streptococcus
• Other information Means true bacteria
• Most classified based on shape

Bacteria on a contact lens
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Domain Archaea- kingdom archaebacteria

• Cell Type prokaryote
• Cell Structure - Cell walls are do not have
• peptidogylcan
• Number of cells Unicellular
• Mode of nutrition - Autotrophs and heterotrophs
• Other information Live in extreme environments
  such as sulfur springs, salt lakes
• Examples
• Methanogens (methane-producers)
• Thermophiles--live in hot springs and
  black smokers.

Owens Lake, NV
Yellowsprings Yellowstone Park
Halophiles--live in saturated brine and salt
crust.
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Domain Eukarya

• Eukaryotic
• Contains 4 kingdoms, plantae, animalia, fungi and
  protista

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Kingdom Protista odd sock drawer

• 200,000 species
• Any organism that is not a plant, animal, fungus
  or prokaryote
• Eukaryotes
• Most are unicellular but there are some
  multicellular
• Animal-like protists are heterotrophs
• Plant-like protists are autotrophs
• Algae, euglena, paramecium, ameoba, slime molds
• Most move by cilia, pseudopods or flagella

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Examples of Protists
DIATOMS plant like
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Kingdom Fungi

• Mushrooms, molds, yeast
• Many grow from ground
• Eukaryotic heterotrophs that have cell walls made
  of chitin, also found in the tough outer covering
  of insects.
• Many feed off of decaying soil, some are
  parasites, secrete enzymes that digest and then
  absorb (not eat) the smaller food molecules
• Some produce sexually, some asexually

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Examples of Fungi
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Kingdom Plantae

• Photosynthetic, autotrophic, eukaryotes
• Cell walls made of cellulose
• Nonmotile

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Kingdom Animalia

• Heterotrophic, multicellular, eurkayotes
• No cell walls
• Sponges, worms, fish, insects, mammals

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DOMAIN EUKARYA
DOMAIN ARCHAEA
Kingdoms
Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi A
nimalia