CLASSIFICATION

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CLASSIFICATION 6 KINGDOM NOTES
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Why classify organisms?

• To organize the diversity of life
• To help us know what we are talking about
• Ex. Brown animal beaver or bison?

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• In order to work well, a classification system
  must be established and logical
• Furthermore, classification rules must have real
  biological meaning, so that you can identify an
  organism in the field
• Dont use tall, colors, big, small
• Do use greater than 2 meters in height, large
  eyes compared to head size, tail longer than body

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Taxonomy

• The branch of biology that names and groups
  organisms according to their characteristics and
  evolutionary history.
• Classify the thousands of new species discovered
  each year.

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Early Systems of Classification

• Aristotle
• First classified organisms more than 2000yrs ago
  as either plants or animals
• Animals land dwellers, water dwellers, or air
  dwellers
• Plants three categories based on differences in
  their stems

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Linnaeus

• The Swedish biologist Carl von Linne developed
  the classification system we currently use today.
  He later changed his name to match his system
  and is now known as Carolus Linneaus.
• His system used an organisms appearance
• His classification system consists of 7 levels
  they are
• Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus,
  species

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Classification System

• Hint Levels Example Broadest
• King Kingdom Animalia
• Phillip Phylum Chordata
• Came Class Mammalia
• Over Order Carnivora
• For Family Canidae
• Green Genus Canus
• Soup species familiaris Most specific

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• In this classification system, each organism has
  a two-part scientific name this system of naming
  organisms is called binomial nomenclature
• In particular, organisms must have a universally
  accepted name

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We use Latin to name organisms, why?

• 1. It is a dead, unchanging language
• 2. There is no competition among countries

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Every scientific name has 3 parts

• 1. The entire name is italicized or underlined
• 2. The name is made up of the Genus and species
  names of the organism
• 3. The first word is capitalized and the
  second is lowercase.
• Examples Homo sapiens, Canus familiaris, Equus
  caballus

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Two Modern Systems of Classification

• Six Kingdom System
• Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi,
  Plantae Animalia
• Three Domain System
• Archaea
• Bacteria
• Eukarya

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Definitions

• A prokaryote does not have a nucleus
• A eukaryote does have a nucleus
• An autotroph can make its own food
• A heterotroph cannot make its own food

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THE 6 KINGDOMS
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Kingdom Archaebacteria
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Archaebacteria

• Prokaryotic
• Single celled
• Both (Autotroph or Heterotroph)
• Live in Harsh Environments
• Methanogens Halophiles

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Kingdom Eubacteria
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Eubacteria

• Prokaryotic
• Single-celled
• Both (Autotroph or Heterotroph)
• Cause Diseases in Humans
• Bacteria (common kinds)

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Kingdom Protista
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Protista

• Eukaryotic
• Single-celled
• Both (Autotroph or Heterotroph)
• Move using cilia or flagella
• Ameba, Euglena, Paramecium

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Kingdom Fungi
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Fungi

• Eukaryotic
• Multi-celled
• Heterotroph
• Act as decomposers
• Mold, Yeast, Ringworm, Mushrooms

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Kingdom Plantae
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Plantae

• Eukaryotic
• Multi-celled
• Autotroph
• Make food by photosynthesis
• Mosses, Ferns, Grass, Trees, Flowering plants

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Kingdom Animalia
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Animalia

• Eukaryotic
• Multi-celled
• Heterotroph
• Most are mobile
• Snakes, Worms, Dogs, Sponges, Insects, Humans

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Three Domain System

• Molecular biology has led to an alternative to
  the 6 kingdom system
• By comparing sequences of ribosomal RNA in many
  organisms, they have estimated how long ago pairs
  of organisms shared a common ancestor

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Three Domain System

• Phylogenetic tree drawn from this data shows that
  living things seem to fall naturally into 3 broad
  groups or domains
• 3 Domains (and the kingdoms they include)
• Bacteria (Eubacteria)
• Archaea (Archaebacteria)
• Eukarya (Eukaryotes) includes Protista, Fungi,
  Plantae, Animalia

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Domain Archaea Bacteria Eukarya Eukarya Eukarya Eukarya
Kingdom Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Cell Type Prokaryotes Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Eukaryotes Eukaryotes Eukaryotes
Cell Structures Have cell walls that lack peptidoglycan Have cell walls made up of peptidoglycan Have a nucleus, mitochondria, some have chloroplasts Have a nucleus, mitochondria, but no chloroplasts or cell wall of chitin Have a nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts/ cell wall of cellulose Have a nucleus, mitochondria, but no chloroplasts no cell wall
Body Form Unicellular Unicellular Mostly unicellular, some multicellular Some unicellular, most multicellular Multicellular Multicellular
Nutrition Autotrophic or Heterotrophic Autotrophic or Heterotrophic Autotrophic or Heterotrophic Heterotrophic (absorption) Autotrophic Heterotrophic
Examples Methanogens, halophiles Rhizobium Bacillus E. coli Ameba, paramecium Yeasts, molds, mushrooms Mosses, ferns, flowering plants, seaweeds sponges, worms, snails, insects, mammals