Unit 2: Chapter 4, Section 2

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Unit 2Chapter 4, Section 2

• Personal Development
• Mr. Young
• Psychology

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Different developments

• A sense of identity and self-esteem are very
  important and depend very much on friends
• Three different developments
• Cognitive
• Moral
• Identity

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Cognitive Development

• Thinking patterns of adults emerge, such as
  abstract thinking (Piaget called this formal
  operations
• Start to think more about their own life
• Rationalization- a process whereby an individual
  seeks to explain an often unpleasant emotion or
  behavior in a way that will preserve his/her
  self-esteem

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Cognitive Cont.

• Usually see a change in personality and social
  interactions
• Become idealistic, rebellious, messiah complex
• Lots of risk-taking, impatience with the previous
  generation
• David Elkind came up with 6 different problems
  faced by adolescents

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Finding fault with authority figures

• People they admire may fall short of who they
  really are.

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Argumentativeness

• Are not afraid to express their views

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Indecisiveness

• Many choices create many indecisive moments

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Apparent Hypocrisy

• Have tough time living up to their ideal

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Self-Consciousness

• Everyone and everything is focuses on you

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Invulnerability

• I am Invincible, i cant die, risk-taking

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Lawrence Kohlberg

• Stage 1 totally egocentric, avoid punishment at
  all cost
• Stage 2 Receive rewards and avoid punishment
• Stage 3 want social approval, worry about what
  others think
• Stage 4 law and order, moral issues
• Stage 5 law is fair or just, it is good for
  society as a whole
• Stage 6 ethical principles that apply to
  everyone, such as the golden rule

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Moral Development

• A persons moral development depend on many
  factors.
• Most important relationship he has with this
  parents or significant others
• Most moral development occurs not during high
  school but during college

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Erik Erikson
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Identity Development

• Erik Erikson- shown how identity is key to
  adolescent development

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Erikson theory of Identity Crisis

• Building an identity is unique to teens by
  thinking about the future as reality
• Identity crisis- a period of inner conflict
  during which adolescents worry intensely about
  who they are
• Several factors physiological, cognitive, sex
  drives, intimacy
• Focused his study on disturbed teens who were
  seeking helping

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Erikson Cont.

• Feel torn by choice of being unique and trying to
  just fit in
• Crisis between Identity formation vs. Identity
  confusion
• Task of adolescence is to become unique
  individual with a valid sense of self in society

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Erikson Cont.

• Identity forms when the adolescent can resolve
  issues and answer the questions, Who Am I?
• Role confusion is normal
• Confusion is represented by childish behavior to
  avoid resolving conflicts and by being impulsive
  in decision making

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Marcias view of Identity Crisis

• James Marcia agreed with Erikson
• Identity moratorium adolescents considering
  issues but no decisions made yet
• Identity foreclosure adolescents made commitment
  based on suggestion of others
• Identity confused/diffused adolescents no
  serious thought to decisions or identity
• Identity achievement adolescents have thought
  about and made decisions freely

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Social Learning View

• A.C. Peterson say that crisis is not the normal
  view
• Crisis is generally a change in external
  circumstances rather than biological such as
  divorce

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Albert Badura

• Albert Bandura, Social learning theory-
  emphasizes interaction with others

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Margaret Mead

• Human development is a continuous process, not
  one marked by radical change
• In remote countries, adolescence not expected to
  act much different than they did as kids or will
  as adults.
• Also, have gender roles that are the same as
  adults