Classification

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Classification

• grouping of different types of organisms based
  upon similarities in structure and evolutionary
  relationships

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WHY CLASSIFY?

• In order to more easily study the unity and
  diversity of living organisms in an organized
  manner, biologists classify organisms
• This means that they group organisms together
  based on their common characteristics
• Physical structure is often the primary basis for
  biological classification

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Early classification

• Animals Plants
• With the discovery of the MICROSCOPE in the
  1600s many new organisms were discovered
• This was the basis for the change in the
  classification system
• Now DNA is providing a more accurate way to
  classify organisms.

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BIONOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

• Carolus Linneaus devised binomial nomenclature
• (2 names in Latin) Genus-Species
• ex. scientific name of humans ..... Homo sapiens
• Homo is the genus name .... sapiens is the
  species name
• Both have to be printed in italics or underlined
• -Genus is ALWAYS capitalized

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MODERN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

• DOMAIN
• KINGDOM
• PHYLLUM
• CLASS
• ORDER
• FAMILY
• GENUS
• SPECIES

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HOW TO REMEMBER THAT

• DEAR KING PHILIP CAME OVER FOR GOOD SOUP

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KINGDOMS

• The 6 Kingdom System is based on the following
  criteria
• 1. Presence or absence of a nuclear membrane
• 2. Unicellularity versus multicellularity
• 3. Type of nutrition

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Domain Arachae
Deep Water Hydrothermal Vent
Dead Sea
Volcano
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Archaebacteria

• Prokaryotic (no nucleus )
• most primitive and often live in extreme
  environments
• There are 3 types salt loving, heat loving
  methane loving
• unicellular
• Reproduce asexually
• Some are heterotrophic and some are autotrophic

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Kingdom Monera (Eubacteria)

• bacteria and blue green algae
• have a primitive cell structure
• no organized nucleus or nuclear membrane
  (Prokaryotic)
• Unicellular, reproduce asexually
• Some are autotrophic (sulfur bacteria) and some
  are heterotrophic
• E. coli, Staph, Anthrax
• About 4,000 named species

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Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

• The Eukaryotic cell has a nucleus, organelles and
  other complex structures.

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Domain Eukarya
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Kingdom Protista

• Eukaryotic. Most are unicellular (some
  multi-cellular) organisms with plant or
  animal-like characteristics
• examples include protozoa such as Euglena,
  Paramecium, Amoeba and all algae except the
  blue-green
• have a true nucleus and nuclear membrane
• Classification of Protists Most protozoa can
  move and are divided into phyla based on their
  means of LOCOMOTION (movement) cilia (little
  hairs), flagella (whip-like tail), pseudopod
  (false foot)
• Can reproduce sexually or asexually
• Some are autotrophic, some are heterotrophic
• About 80,000 named species

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Animal Like
Plant Like
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• Animal-like Protists
• Often animal like Protists are called PROTOZOA
• They can live in fresh or salt water, in the
  soil, or in the bodies of other organisms
• Plant-like Protists
• Plant-like Protists are commonly called ALGAE,
  diatoms or phytoplankton
• They contain chloroplasts and are therefore
  AUTOTROPHIC

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Plant and Animal like Protists

• The Euglena
• exhibits both animal-like and Plant-like
  characteristics
• contains chloroplasts, which are involved in
  PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• contains a flagellum, which is used for
  LOCOMOTION
• euglena may be autotrophic or heterotrophic
  depending on the environment
• In a light environment euglena would be
  AUTOTROPHIC
• In a dark environment the euglena would be
  HETEROTROPHIC

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Euglena
Diatoms
Paramecium
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KINGDOM FUNGI

• examples include yeasts, mildews, molds, and
  mushrooms
• Eukaryotic, all are multi-cellular except for
  yeast which is unicellular
• All absorb digested food from the external
  environment (heterotrophic) do not require
  sunlight and are often found in dark, moist
  places
• Some reproduce asexually by budding others
  reproduce sexually with spores
• Typically live in moist, dark environments

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Kingdom Plantae

• Multicellular, eukaryotic - possess chloroplasts
  and cell walls
• Autotrophic, make their own food through
  photosynthesis
• Reproduce sexually (see Gizmo) but can sometimes
  be asexual, like strawberry runners or by taking
  clippings
• Can be vascular (meaning they have xylem and
  phloem tubes to transport substances) such as
  trees, ferns, and flowers
• Can be nonvascular such as mosses
• About 270,000 named species

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Classification of Plants
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ONION CELLS FROM LAB NOTE THE BOXY SHAPE OF
PLANT CELLS THE DISTINCT CELL WALL
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Gymnosperms
Gymnosperms are a taxonomic class that includes
plants whose seeds are not enclosed in an ovule
(like a pine cone). Gymnosperm means as "naked
seed". By definition, fruits are the structures
that develop from maturing flower ovaries, and
seeds develop from ovules inside the ovaries.
Therefore, since gymnosperms have no ovaries,
they do not produce real fruits, at least not in
the botanical sense. Because no fruit tissue
surrounds gymnosperm seeds, the seeds are said to
be "naked." When early scientists wanted to
express the term "naked seed" using word roots
from classical Greek, they chose gymnos, which
means "naked," and sperma, which means "seed,"
and came up with "gymnosperm." This group is
often referred to as softwoods. Gymnosperms
usually have needles that stay green throughout
the year and scale-like coverings on the
branches. Examples are pines, cedars, spruces and
firs. Some gymnosperms do drop their leaves -
ginkgo, dawn redwood, and bald cypress, to name a
few.
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Gymnosperm Reproduction
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Angiosperms

• Flowering, seed-bearing plants. From the greek
  Angeion meaning receptacle or vessel and
  sperma, meaning seed. Seeds with 2 cotyledons
  are dicots, di meaning 2. Seeds with only one
  cotyledon are called monocots, with mono meaning
  one. Angiosperms are a taxonomic class of
  plants in which the mature seed is surrounded by
  the ovule (think of an apple).

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Angiosperm Reproduction
Gizmo
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Monocot vs Dicot
Dicot Two cotyledons Netted veins Petals in
multiples of 4 or 5s Vascular bundles in a
radial pattern
Monocot Single cotyledon Parallel veins Petals
in multiples of 3s Vascular bundles random
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Kingdom Animalia

• Eukaryotic, multi-cellular organisms which ingest
  their food heterotrophic
• Most reproduce sexually, but some reproduce
  asexually through budding such as a hydra or
  through regeneration, such as a starfish

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Invertebrate Phyla

• Porifera -- Sponges
• Cnideria -- jellyfish other stinging organisms
• Platyhelminthes Flat worms
• Nematoda Round worms
• Annelida Segmented worms
• Arthropoda -- Insects, crabs and others
  w/jointed legs
• Mollusca -- snails, clams, oysters, squid,
  octopus etc.
• Echinodermata spiny skinned such as sea star,
  sea urchin

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Vertebrate Phyla

• -- Mammals
• -- Birds
• -- Reptiles
• -- Amphibians
• -- Fish

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Sources

• www.iteachbio.com
• www.unitedstreaming.com
• http//micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/animalcell.html
• http//micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plantcell.html
• ClipArt, PowerPoint
• http//www.cnr.vt.edu/DENDRO/forsite/idtype.htm
• http//users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyP
  ages/P/Plants.html