The Cold War and Nationalism

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The Cold War and Nationalism

• 1945-2001
• Chapter 30-1

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Origins of the Cold War War-time Conferences

• War-time Conferences
• Tehran Conference 1943
• Yalta Conference 1945
• Potsdam Conference 1945

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Tehran Conference 1943

• USSR was guaranteed to be the only power to
  liberate Eastern Europe

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Yalta 1945

• Stalin agreed to allow free elections in Eastern
  Europewill later renege
• Germany to be divided into 4 zones controlled by
  USSR, U.S., France, Britain
• After the war, the Russians bled reparations
  from their sector and would not allow
  reunification

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Potsdam 1945

• Truman demanded free elections in Europe
• Stalin would not agree wanted a buffer zone
  between USSR and the West

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Origins of the Cold War Different World Views

• The Soviet POV
• Democracies were traditionally hostile to
  communism and the USSR (Archangel recognition)
• Americans and British did not open up a western
  front early enough. Millions of Soviet soldiers
  died while holding off the Germans alone
• USSR was not privy to atomic bomb project
• Soviets wanted a buffer zone (especially Poland)

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The U.S. POV

• Stalin seemed intent on creating spheres of
  influence in Eastern Europe
• Stalin broke pledges regarding reunification of
  Germany
• Churchills Iron Curtain speech (1946) alerted
  the West (especially U.S.) to a future conflict
  with USSR
• U.S. wanted to spread democracy globally

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The Partition of Germany

• Germany divided
• U.S., Brits and French combined sectors FRG
  (German Federal Republic) became independent in
  1949. Konrad Adenaur to 1963
• USSR GDR (German Democratic Republic) By 1949
  called East Germany. Led by Walter Ulbright
  1950-1971. Reparations to USSR

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Containment

• By 1947 the U.S. was committed to stop the spread
  of communism
• George Kennan (American ambassador to USSR) wrote
  a memo to Truman leading to Containment and the
  Truman Doctrine and The Marshall Plan

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The Truman Doctrine

• Established the U.S. Policy of Containment that
  lasted for four decades
• The U.S. would assist free peoples requesting aid
  against aggressive communism
• 1947 Aid to Greece and Turkey. USSR was after
  a foothold in the Mediterranean

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The Marshall Plan 1949-1951

• European reconstruction the U.S. sent 13
  billion in aid (no strings) to help rebuild
  war-torn Europe
• Part of Containment To prevent the spread of
  communism to Western Europe
• Was called Economic Miracle
• Soviets refused aid to itself or Eastern European
  countriessaw it as a power play by U.S.

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The Berlin Crisis Airlift

• Berlin was divided after the war just like
  Germany but entire city was in Soviet zone
• Most talented East Berliners fled to the West to
  avoid reparation payments at the rate of 200 a
  day
• Stalin blocked toads from West Berlin to West
  Germany
• U.S. and others 11 month airlift 277,000 flights
  to keep West Berliners alive (Food, Rx, Coal)
• Stalin gave up and opened roads in 1949

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NATO 1949

• The North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• Founded in response to the Berlin Crisis
• Collective security organization U.S., Canada,
  and European democracies (12 members total)
• An attack on one an attack on all
• Today more than two dozen members

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The Warsaw Pact 1955

• Similar to NATO
• Response of USSR after West Germany joined NATO
  in 1954
• USSR and Eastern Bloc countries arranged for
  collective security

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China

• After Japanese were driven out of China
• Civil war between Nationalist Chinese led by
  Chiang Kai-shek and Communist Chinese led by Mao
  Zedong (tse-tong)
• Mao won and created The Peoples Republic of
  China 1949
• Big blow to U.S. Policy of Containment

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The Bomb

• USSR successfully tested an atomic bomb in 1949
• Hydrogen Bomb U.S. 1952 then USSR 1953
• Above led to Doctrine of Massive Retaliation by
  Dulles (Sec of State under Eisenhower)
• U.S. vowed to nuke the USSR if it tried to expand

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Korean War 1950-1953

• Was promised independence at Cairo Conference
• After WWII was divided at 38th //
• North of 38th // supported by USSR
• South supported by U.S. Syngman Rhee
• 1947 USSR refused to allow U.N. inspectors in
• 1948 UN declared S. Korea as lawful government
• 1949 U.S. occupational troops left S. Korea
• 1950 North Korea with Soviet support invaded
  South

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Korean War

• USSR was boycotting Security Council (because
  U.S. would not allow Communist China to take over
  Nationalist Chinas seat)
• So UN Security Council voted that North Korea was
  guilty of breach of peace and authorized Harry
  Truman to send troops
• MacArthur made a surprise landing well North of
  18th // and Chinese poured in and forced
  MacArthurs troops back to 38th //

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Korea

• Result 1953 Cease fire at 38th //
• U.S. Policy of containment success in Koreathe
  SPREAD of communism was prevented

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Russia under Stalin 1945-1953

• During WWII repression was relaxed due to
  increased nationalism
• But after WWII the Cold War inspired more
  repression, terror
• Between 1946-1953 over 12 million Soviets killed
  by the government
• Most died in gulags
• More 5-Year Plans
• Culture and art purged too

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Eastern Europe under Stalin

• Eastern Europe Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia,
  East Germany, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania
• Yugoslavia led by Tito had freed itself from Nazi
  domination without USSRs help
• Was communist but not controlled by Soviets
• Had mixed economysome private ownership

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Eastern Europe under Stalin

• The Red Army and the KGB (Soviet Secret Police)
  established communist one-party systems in
  Eastern European countries
• Czechs seen as a real threat (had been a
  democracy)
• Over ½ million Czechs were purged
• 200,000 in Hungary, 189,000 Romania
• 80,000 Albania

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Eastern Europe under Stalin

• 1953 uprising in East Germany was crushed
• 5-Year plans established in Eastern Europe
• Emphasized heavy industry and agriculture
• Economic recovery slow and uneven
• Czechoslovakia fared better than most

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Nikita Khrushchev 1953-1964

• Stalin died in 1953
• Widespread fear and hatred of Stalins political
  terror
• Agriculture in bad shape
• Significant shortages of consumer goods
• Poor living conditions

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Khrushchevs De-Stalinization

• 1956 at 20th Party Congress Khrushchev denounced
  Stalins crimes in a secret anti-Stalin speech
• Gosplan shifted the focus from military and
  heavy industry to agriculture and consumer goods
• Khrushchev wanted to prove that communism was
  superior to the West

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Khrushchev

• During Cold War many newly independent Asian and
  African nations were wooed by both Soviets and
  U.S.promises of aid, etc.
• Told the West (at the UN while banging his shoe
  on the table) We will bury you! meaning the
  Soviets would surpass the economies of the U.S.
  and its allies

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The Arts

• Anti-Stalinism was tolerated
• Dr. Zhivago by Boris Pasternak told the story
  of an intellectual who rejected the brutality of
  the Bolshevik revolution Stalinism and is
  ultimately destroyed.
• One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisvitch by
  Aleksandr Solzenitsyn portrayed the grim life in
  a Stalinist gulag (Solzenitsyn had been a
  prisoner)

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Reformers

• Khrushchev was flexible
• Would allow different forms of communism as long
  as the Communist Party remained in control
• Poland 1956 (Gomulka) rioting in Poland for
  reform.
• Khrushchev responded by removing some troops and
  allowing limited freedoms

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1956 Hungary

• Students and workers in Budapest installed a
  liberal Communist reformer as new leaderImre
  Nagy
• Huge demonstrations by Hungarian nationalists
  demanding legalization of non-communist parties
• Rebellion spread throughout the country
• Hoped for help from U.S.
• Rebellion was crushed with Soviet tanks

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Hungary

• Janos Kadar was installed as leader
• Firm communist rule was established
• Other Eastern European countries hoped for small
  gains while following party line

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Peaceful Coexistence

• Relations with the West improved in the 50s
• Khrushchev wanted to concentrate on improving
  USSRs economy
• 1955 USSR removed itself from Austria and allowed
  independence
• Austria had been divided like Germany after WWII
• huge easing of tensions

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Geneva Summit

• USSR, U.S., France, Britain met to discuss
  disarmament
• No agreement reached
• Berlin Khrushchev demanded that the allies
  leave Berlin
• Gave a 6-month deadline
• They did not leave and USSR took no action

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Sputnik 1957

• Demonstrated that the Soviets were ahead of the
  U.S. in space technology
• Led to the Space Race with the U.S.

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The U-2 Incident

• 1960 American U-2 spy plane was shot down over
  USSR
• Pilot livedGary Powers
• Khrushchev demanded an apology
• Eisenhower would not give it
• The scheduled Paris Summit was cancelled

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The Berlin Wall

• Khrushchev again demanded that the West give up
  their sector of Berlin
• They would not
• Khrushchev built the Berlin Wall

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The Cuban Missile Crisis 1962

• 1959 Cuba became a communist country
• Led by Fidel Castro
• 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion was U.S. failed
  attempt to remove Castro
• Castro agreed to allow USSR to build missile
  sites
• U.S. discovered this during Fly-bys (Kennedy)

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The Cuban Missile Crisis

• U.S. placed a blockade around Cuba
• Soviet and U.S. ships at a stand-off
• In the end Khrushchev agreed to remove Cuban
  missile sites if U.S. would remove theirs in
  Turkey
• U.S. promised to stop trying to remove Castro
• The crisis led to Khrushchevs downfall

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1963 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

• U.S., USSR, Britain signed a treaty banning
  atmospheric testing in order to ease tensions
• France refused to sign (she was still developing
  her nukes)
• China became a nuclear power in 1964. Split with
  USSR because Russia did not share secrets of the
  bomb

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The End of Khrushchev

• Khrushchevs policies seemed unsuccessful and
  erratic by Politburo (Berlin, Missile Crisis,
  losing China)
• Space program expensive
• No improvement in consumer goods
• Agricultural projects unsuccessful
• Quiet removal of Khrushchev by conservative
  Stalinists October 1964

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