INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• EUROPES FINAL
• GREAT REVOLUTION
• Lets Recap

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ORIGINS

• Began in England in 2nd half of 18th century
• Stable government
• Economic freedoms
• Available capital
• Mobile labor force
• Western or European attitude that favored
  development

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ORIGINS

• Industrialization generally develops in
  capitalism, but is not limited to capitalistic
  nations
• 20th century has many examples of
  industrialization without capitalism

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ORIGINSAGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

• Holland
• Began about 1650
• Population pressures to produce more
• Relatively few peasants
• Enclosed fields, crop rotation, fertilizing

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ORIGINSAGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

• England
• Copied Dutch techniques
• Added the use of horses vs. oxen to plow fields
  and use of seed drills
• Enclosures increased profitability of large
  estates, increased number of tenant farmers

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EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

• Short term
• 1700-1760 bountiful crops in England gave
  additional income to many
• More people became wage laborers rather than tied
  to the land
• Long term
• Smaller and smaller portion of population
  involved in agriculture can engage in
  industrial work.
• Population growth

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THE POWER CRISIS

• Humans and animals were the main source of power
  up to the 18th century

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THE POWER CRISIS

• Overuse of wood Europe was once covered in
  forests. England deforested by the 18th century
  (used wood for heat and iron smelting)
• Lord Nelson was so worried about the implication
  of no wood for navy, he went around with acorns
  in his pocket.

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THE POWER CRISIS and ENGLAND

• Coal provided the solution to the power crisis.
  It was used for heat in London prior to 1700.
  Could be used for steam power, but it was
  difficult and expensive to extract. Extractive
  technology finally available in 19th century
  England had plenty of coal (often with high
  sulfur content)

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THE POWER CRISIS and ENGLAND

• Water power was the first type employed in the
  Industrial Revolution textile mills were built
  along rivers.

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POLITICS OF ENGLAND

• With the reign of George III, England experienced
  a long period of stable government
• Whig party was generally in control and favored
  industrial development
• In general, government interfered relatively
  little with economy

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POLITICS OF ENGLAND

• No feudalism meant there was no large privileged
  feudal class to hold back change or population
  movements
• Very large class of free landless laborers
• Trade is socially acceptable in England.

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COMMERCE IN ENGLAND

• England had a history of successful commerce
  prior to industrialization merchant shipping,
  joint-stock companies.
• Putting out system a portion of the population
  worked in wool industry
• England had the largest free trade area in Europe

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COMMERCE IN ENGLAND

• Internal trade growth occurs in England
  throughout the 18th century
• Peasants were not poor did have some surplus
  income
• Trade growth and wealth encourage population
  growth

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COMMERCE IN ENGLAND

• External growth, prior to industrial revolution,
  set the stage.
• Mercantilism positive trade balance
• Navigation Acts- gave British monopoly with its
  colonies
• Victory in the Seven Years War - more colonies,
  control of much of international trade, and
  cotton from India
• Success gave British more investment capital and
  more experience in business

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19th Century Industry

• By the early decades of the 19th century, England
  was the wealthiest and most productive country in
  Europe. Other European nations follow Englands
  lead and pursue industrial economies. More and
  more inventions hasten the pace of
  industrialization. The Industrial Revolution has
  had a profound impact on the political, social,
  cultural, and economic history of Europe.

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Map 211 EUROPEAN RAILROADS IN 1850 A mid-century
Britain had the most extensive rail network, and
the most industrialized economy, in Europe, but
rail lines were expanding rapidly in France, the
German states, and Austria. Southern and eastern
Europe had few railways, and the Ottoman Empire
had none.